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Chapter 2: Patterns in the Sky—Motions of Earth and the Moon
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Define the bold-faced vocabulary terms within the chapter.
Multiple Choice: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 26, 44, 50, 64, 69
Short Answer: 2.1 Earth Spins on Its Axis
Identify the locations of the north celestial pole, south celestial pole, celestial equator, zenith, meridian, and horizon on the celestial sphere.
Multiple Choice: 2, 8, 14
Short Answer: Show the path that a star follows on the sky, from the time it rises until it sets. Multiple Choice: 9, 15, 16
Short Answer: Illustrate how the motion and visibility of stars change with the one’s location on Earth.
Multiple Choice: 33, 34
Short Answer: Demonstrate how knowledge of the sky permits one to know latitude and direction on Earth.
Multiple Choice: 7, 11, 12, 13
Short Answer:
Illustrate how one event will look in two different frames of reference.
Short Answer:
2.2 Revolution around the Sun Leads to Changes during the Year
Identify the path of the ecliptic, the solstices, and the equinoxes on the celestial sphere.
Multiple Choice: 17, 19
Short Answer:
Relate Earth’s position around the Sun to the zodiacal constellations we observe in the night-time
sky.
Multiple Choice: 18, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41
Explain why Earth’s axial tilt causes seasons.
Multiple Choice: 20, 21, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 35, 42 Short Answer:
Illustrate how the height of the Sun and the length of a day vary with the season and your latitude.
Multiple Choice: 22, 23, 27, 28, 32
Short Answer: 2.3 The Moon’s Appearance Changes as It Orbits Earth
Define the phases of the moon. Multiple Choice: 45
Short Answer:
Explain what causes us to observe moon phases. Multiple Choice: 47, 48, 49, 52
Short Answer:
Illustrate the Sun-Moon-Earth geometry needed to produce each Moon phase.
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Multiple Choice: 43, 46, 51, 53, 54
Short Answer: 2.4 Calendars Are Based on the Day, Month, and Year
Compare and contrast solar and lunar calendars. Multiple Choice: 58
Short Answer: Illustrate the need for our current pattern of leap years. Multiple Choice: 55, 56, 57
2.5 Eclipses Result from the Alignment of Earth, Moon, and the Sun
Illustrate the Sun-Moon-Earth geometries needed to produce solar and lunar eclipses. Multiple Choice: 59, 60, 61, 62, 68, 70
Short Answer: Relate the geometry of solar and lunar eclipses to their visibility across Earth. Multiple Choice: 63, 65, 66, 67
Short Answer: Working It Out 2.1
Use proportional reasoning to estimate a characteristic of the whole based on measurement of a part.
Short Answer: MULTIPLE CHOICE
There are _________ constellations in the entire sky.
12
13
88
hundreds of
thousands of
What defines the location of the equator on Earth?
the axis around which Earth rotates
where the ground is the warmest
the tilt of Earth’s rotational axis relative to its orbit around the Sun
the orbit of Earth around the Sun
all of the above
Circumpolar stars are stars that are
always below the horizon.
always on the celestial equator.
always at the north celestial pole.
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sometimes above the horizon.
always above the horizon.
The point directly below your feet is called the
meridian.
celestial pole.
nadir.
circumpolar plane.
zenith.
Declination is a measure of a star’s location relative to
zenith.
ecliptic.
nadir.
celestial equator.
line of nodes.
Right ascension is a measure of a star’s location on the celestial sphere that is most closely similar to which measurement of location on Earth?
meters
longitude
latitude
degrees
radians
r.
If the star Polaris has an altitude of 35°, then we know that
our longitude is +55°.
our latitude is +55°.
our longitude is −35°.
our longitude is +35°.
our latitude is +35°.
The direction directly overhead of an observer defines his or her
meridian.
celestial pole.
nadir.
circumpolar plane.
zenith.
No matter where you are on Earth, stars appear to rotate about a point called the
zenith.
celestial pole.
nadir.
meridian.
equinox.
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The apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of a year is called the
prime meridian.
ecliptic.
circumpolar plane.
celestial equator.
eclipse.
At a latitude of +50°, how far above the horizon is the north celestial pole located?
0°
40°
50°
90°
It is not visible at that latitude.
At what latitude is the north celestial pole located at your zenith?
0°
+30°
+60°
+90°
This occurs at every latitude.
At what latitude is the north celestial pole at your horizon?
0°
+30°
+60°
+90°
This can never happen.
The meridian is defined as an imaginary circle on the sky on which lie the
celestial equator and vernal equinox.
north and south celestial poles.
zenith and the north and south celestial poles.
zenith and east and west directions.
celestial equator and summer solstice.
A friend takes a time-lapse picture of the sky, as shown in the figure below. What direction must your friend have been facing when the picture was taken?
north
east
south
west
directly overhead
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A friend takes a time-lapse picture of the sky, as shown in the figure below. What direction must your friend have been facing when the picture was taken?
north
east
south
west
directly overhead
How far away on average is Earth from the Sun?
1 light-second
1 light-minute
1 astronomical unit
1 light-hour
1 light-year
If you go out at exactly 9 P.M. each evening over the course of 1 month, the position of a given star will move westward by tens of degrees. What causes this motion?
Earth’s rotation on its axis
the revolution of Earth around the Sun
the revolution of the Moon around Earth
the revolution of the Sun around Earth
the speed of the star through space
The ecliptic is defined by the motion of _________ in the sky.
the Moon
the Sun
the planets
Polaris
the stars
When the northern hemisphere experiences fall, the southern hemisphere experiences
spring.
summer.
fall.
winter.
When the northern hemisphere experiences summer, the southern hemisphere experiences
spring.
summer.
fall.
winter.
The day with the smallest number of daylight hours over the course of the year for a person living in the northern hemisphere is the
summer solstice (June 1)
vernal equinox (March 21)
winter solstice (Dec. 22)
autumnal equinox (Sept. 23)
The number of daylight hours is always the same.
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On which day of the year does the Sun reach its northernmost point in the sky?
vernal equinox
summer solstice
autumnal equinox
winter solstice
The sun always reaches the same altitude.
Earth’s rotational axis precesses in space and completes one revolution every
200 years.
1,800 years.
7,300 years.
26,000 years.
51,000 years.
Which of the following stars will be the North Star in 12,000 years?
Polaris
Deneb
Vega
Thuban
Sirius
The latitude of the Antarctic Circle is
23.5° N.
66.5° N.
23.5° S.
66.5° S.
90° S.
During summer above the Arctic circle
the Moon cannot be seen.
the Sun can always be seen.
the Sun cannot be seen.
the Sun is always in the southern part of the sky.
the Sun is always directly overhead.
The day with the smallest number of daylight hours over the course of the year for a person living in the southern hemisphere is the
summer solstice (June 1)
vernal equinox (March 21)
winter solstice (Dec. 22)
autumnal equinox (Sept. 23)
The number of daylight hours is always the same.
If Earth’s axis were tilted by 5° instead of its actual tilt, how would the seasons be different than they are currently?
The seasons would remain the same.
Summers would be warmer.
Winters would last longer.
Winters would be warmer.
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Summers would last longer.
If Earth’s axis were tilted by 35° instead of its actual tilt, how would the seasons be different than they are currently?
The seasons would remain the same.
Summers would be colder.
Winters would be shorter.
Winters would be colder.
Summers would be shorter.
We experience seasons because
Earth’s equator is tilted relative to the plane of the solar system.
Earth is closer to the Sun in summer and farther from the Sun in the winter.
the length of the day is longer in the summer and shorter in the winter.
Earth moves with a slower speed in its orbit during summer and faster during winter.
one hemisphere of Earth is closer to the Sun than the other hemisphere during the summer.
During which season (in the Northern Hemisphere) could you see the Sun rising from the furthest north?
winter
spring
summer
fall
The Sun always rises directly in the east.
For a person who lives at a latitude of +40°, when is the Sun directly overhead at noon?
only on the summer solstice
only on the winter solstice
only on the vernal and autumnal equinoxes
never
always
For a person living in Vancouver, Canada, at latitude of +49°, the maximum altitude of the Sun above the southern horizon on the day of the Winter Solstice is:
41.0°.
17.5°.
25.5°.
37.0°.
64.5°.
Earth is closest to the Sun when the Northern Hemisphere experiences
spring.
summer.
fall.
winter.
Assume you are observing the night sky from a typical city in the United States with a latitude of +40°. Using the figure below, which constellation of the zodiac would be nearest to the meridian at midnight in mid-September?
Scorpius
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Taurus
Pisces
Aquarius
Leo
Assume you are observing the night sky from a typical city in the United States with a latitude of +40°. Using the figure below, which constellation of the zodiac would be nearest to the meridian at 6 P.M. in mid-September?
Scorpius
Taurus
Pisces
Aquarius
Leo
Assume you are observing the night sky from a typical city in the United States with a latitude of +40°. Using the figure below, which constellation of the zodiac would be nearest to the meridian at 10 P.M. in mid-May?
Scorpius
Taurus
Pisces
Aquarius
Leo
Using the figure below, what time of the day or night will the zodiac constellation Gemini rise in March?
2 P.M.
8 P.M.
2 A.M.
8 A.M.
noon
You and a friend go outside to view the stars at midnight tonight. Six months later, you go outside to find the stars in exactly the same position in the sky as when you and your friend viewed them. What time is it? Assume you can see the stars at any time, day or night.
6 A.M.
noon
6 P.M.
midnight
This can never happen.
The brightest star in the constellation Canis Major can be referred to as
Alpha Canis Majoris
Beta Canis Majoris
Beta Canis
Alpha Majoris
Alpha Canis
At which of the following latitudes is it possible for the Sun’s rays to hit the ground perpendicular to the ground at some point during the year?
87°
55°
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42°
33°
20°
At approximately what time does a full Moon rise?
12 midnight
12 noon
6 A.M.
6 P.M.
3 P.M.
In regard to the phase of the Moon, the term waxing means
less than half-illuminated.
more than half–illuminated.
becoming smaller.
illuminated area increasing.
illuminated area decreasing.
If tonight the Moon is in the waxing gibbous phase, in 3 days what is the most likely phase of the Moon?
new phase.
full phase.
third quarter phase.
first quarter phase.
waxing crescent phase.
If there is a full Moon out tonight, approximately how long from now will it be in the third quarter phase?
3 to 4 days
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
1 month
.
Which of the following is false?
Everyone on Earth observes the same phase of the Moon on a given night.
The phases of the Moon cycle with a period that is longer than its sidereal period.
In some phases, the Moon can be observed during the day.
The observed phase of the Moon changes over the course of one night.
A full Moon can be seen on the eastern horizon at sunset.
If you see a full Moon tonight, approximately how long would you have to wait to see the next full Moon?
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
5 weeks
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The Moon undergoes synchronous rotation, and as a consequence the
rotational period of the Moon equals the orbital period of the Moon around Earth
rotational period of the Moon equals the rotational period of Earth
rotational period of the Moon equals the orbital period of Earth around the Sun
orbital period of the Moon around Earth equals the rotational period of Earth
Moon does not rotate as it orbits Earth
The sidereal period of the moon is
1 month.
27.32 days.
28 days.
29.53 days.
30 days.
.
What time does a third quarter Moon rise?
12 midnight
12 noon
3 P.M.
6 A.M.
6 P.M.
The Moon’s sidereal period is 2.2 days shorter than the period during which the Moon’s phases change because
the Moon always keeps the same side turned toward Earth.
Earth must rotate so an observer can see the Moon.
the Moon’s orbit is tilted with respect to Earth’s rotational axis.
Earth moves significantly in its orbit around the Sun during that time.
the Moon’s orbital speed varies.
At which of the possible times below could the waxing gibbous moon be seen rising?
3 P.M.
9 A.M.
11 P.M.
5 A.M.
8 P.M.
If a person on Earth currently views the Moon in a waxing crescent phase, in what phase would Earth appear to a person on the Moon?
waxing crescent
waxing gibbous
waning gibbous
waning crescent
New
Leap years occur because
Earth’s orbital period around the Sun is decreasing.
Earth’s orbital period is 365.24 days.
the Gregorian calendar contains only 11 months.
Earth speeds up in its orbit when it comes closest to the Sun.
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a calendar month is not the same as a lunar month.
How often do leap years occur?
almost every 3 years
almost every 4 years
almost every 5 years
almost every 8 years
almost every 10 years
How often would we have leap years if Earth’s orbital period were 365.1 days?
every year
every 2 years
every 4 years
every 10 years
We would not need to have leap years.
A purely lunar calendar is not ideal for our modern world because
leap years are more frequent.
the months line up with the phases of the moon.
the seasons don’t occur in the same month every year.
high and low tides occur at different times.
leap year are less frequent.
In the figure below, at which position must the Moon be located in order for a lunar eclipse to occur?
1
2
3
4
In the figure below, at which position must the Moon be located in order for a solar eclipse to occur?
1
2
3
4
During which lunar phase do solar eclipses occur?
new
first quarter
full
third quarter
A partial lunar eclipse occurs when
the Sun appears to go behind the Moon.
the Moon passes through part of the Earth’s shadow.
the Moon shadows part of the Sun.
The Earth passes through part of the Moon’s shadow.
the Moon passes through part of the Sun’s shadow.
If you are lucky enough to see a total solar eclipse, you must be standing in the
Moon’s umbra.
Moon’s penumbra.
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Earth’s umbra.
Earth’s penumbra.
Sun’s umbra.
The darkest part of the Moon’s shadow is the
partial shadow.
penumbra.
umbra.
annular.
During a lunar eclipse the Moon can appear red. This is caused by
the moon glowing red.
oxidation of the lunar crust.
solar flares.
light traveling through Earth’s atmosphere.
If you are observing a partial solar eclipse, you must be standing in the
Moon’s umbra.
Moon’s penumbra.
Earth’s umbra.
Earth’s penumbra.
Sun’s umbra.
.
A solar-powered spacecraft is traveling through the Moon’s shadow. Which part(s), if any, of the Moon’s shadow will cause the spacecraft to completely lose power?
umbra
penumbra
annulus
both umbra and penumbra
The spacecraft will never lose power.
h.
Solar and lunar eclipses are rare because
the Moon’s orbital plane is tipped by 5.2° relative to the plane defined by Earth’s equator.
the Moon’s orbital plane is tipped by 5.2° relative to Earth’s orbital plane.
the Moon’s orbital plane is tipped by 23.5° relative to the plane defined by Earth’s equator.
the Moon’s orbital plane is tipped by 23.5° relative to Earth’s orbital plane.
the Moon’s orbital plane is tipped by 5.2° relative to the galactic plane.
.
A type of eclipse in which the Sun appears as a bright ring is called a
total solar eclipse.
partial solar eclipse.
annular solar eclipse.
lunar eclipse.
umbral eclipse.
Approximately how often do lunar eclipses occur?
twice every year
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three times every year
once per month
twice every 11 months
once every 11 years
SHORT ANSWER
Consider an observer located on the equator. If the observer sees a star directly overhead at 10 P.M., where will that star be located in the night sky at 3 A.M.?
OBJ: Show the path that a star follows on the sky, from the time it rises until it sets.
Consider an observer located on the equator. If the observer sees a star directly overhead at 8 P.M., where will that star be located in the night sky at midnight? How far above the horizon will it be or will it have set?
On what place(s) on Earth can you stand and have the celestial equator be at the same altitude for all 360 degrees of its circumference?
Draw a dome representing the visible sky. Label the horizon, meridian, zenith, and each of the four cardinal directions (north, east, south, and west).
The center of the Milky Way lies approximately 30° south of the celestial equator. From what latitudes on Earth is it impossible to view the center of our galaxy?
How is the observed height of Polaris above the horizon related to an observer’s latitude?
(Hint: Consider three cases of observers located at the equator, the North Pole, and latitude = +45°.)
What latitude on Earth would be the best for observing as much of the celestial sphere as possible over the course of a year?
If you are standing on the equator and shoot a cannonball directly north, where would you expect it to land?
What would be the effect on the seasons if the tilt of Earth’s axis were 10° rather than
23.5°?
What is the point on the celestial sphere where the ecliptic crosses from below to above the celestial equator called?
What makes the equinoxes and solstices special?
On what day(s) of the year does the Sun set due west?
Earth experiences seasons due to the tilt of its axis. What are two consequences of this tilt that contribute to the seasons?
For an observer in Seattle, Washington, which is located at latitude = +47°, what is the
lowest possible altitude one might see the Sun on the meridian over the course of the year? Approximately what time of the day and year will this occur?
The position of the autumnal equinox lies at the intersection of which two great celestial circles on the celestial sphere?
Why does the Moon always show the same face to Earth?
Explain why we always see the same side of the Moon from Earth.
If the Moon was full 3 days ago, what phase will it be in tonight, and when will it rise and set?
Based on the location of the Moon shown in the figure below, draw a picture of how the moon would appear to an observer located on Earth.
As the month passes, the Moon appears to rise later in the day or night when compared to the previous day. Explain why this happens.
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Based on the location of the Moon shown in the figure below, draw a picture of how the Moon would appear to an observer located on Earth.
What is the difference between the terms solar day and sidereal day?
How does today’s Gregorian calendar differ from the calendars of more ancient civilizations, such as the Chinese, the Egyptians, and the Babylonians?
Why do some years in certain lunar calendars have 13 months?
Draw a picture below showing the Moon’s location relative to Earth and the Sun during a lunar eclipse.
.
Draw a picture below showing the Moon’s location relative to Earth and the Sun during a solar eclipse.
.
Explain the type of solar eclipse that would be observed by an observer on Earth if they were in each respective part (A, B, C, and D) of the shadow of the moon, shown in the figure below.
Explain why the eclipse seasons occur roughly twice every 11 months, rather than twice per year.
Approximately how large is the umbra on the surface of Earth?
Earth has an average radius of approximately 6.4 × 103 km. What is the average speed, in units of km/s, of the ground at Earth’s equator due to the daily rotation of Earth if there are
8.64 × 104 seconds per day?
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