TEST BANK 21ST CENTURY ASTRONOMY THE SOLAR SYSTEM 5TH EDITION BY KAY
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Chapter
2: Patterns in the Sky—Motions of Earth and the Moon
Learning Objectives
Define the bold-faced vocabulary terms within the chapter.
Multiple Choice: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 26, 44, 50, 64, 69
Short Answer: 2.1 Earth Spins on Its Axis
Identify the locations of the north celestial pole, south
celestial pole, celestial equator, zenith, meridian, and horizon on the
celestial sphere.
Multiple Choice: 2, 8, 14
Short Answer: Show the path that a star follows on the sky,
from the time it rises until it sets.
Multiple Choice: 9, 15, 16
Short Answer: Illustrate how the motion and visibility of
stars change with the one’s location on Earth.
Multiple Choice: 33, 34
Short Answer: Demonstrate how knowledge of the sky permits
one to know latitude and direction on Earth.
Multiple Choice: 7, 11, 12, 13
Short Answer:
Illustrate how one event will look in two different frames of
reference.
Short Answer:
2.2 Revolution around the Sun Leads to Changes during the
Year
Identify the path of the ecliptic, the solstices, and the
equinoxes on the celestial sphere.
Multiple Choice: 17, 19
Short Answer:
Relate Earth’s position around the Sun to the zodiacal
constellations we observe in the night-time sky.
Multiple Choice: 18, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41
Explain why Earth’s axial tilt causes seasons.
Multiple Choice: 20, 21, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 35, 42
Short Answer:
Illustrate how the height of the Sun and the length of a day
vary with the season and your latitude.
Multiple Choice: 22, 23, 27, 28, 32
Short Answer: 2.3 The Moon’s Appearance
Changes as It Orbits Earth
Define the phases of the moon.
Multiple Choice: 45
Short Answer:
Explain what causes us to observe moon phases.
Multiple Choice: 47, 48, 49, 52
Short Answer:
Illustrate the Sun-Moon-Earth geometry needed to produce each
Moon phase.
Multiple Choice: 43, 46, 51, 53, 54
Short Answer: 2.4 Calendars Are Based on the
Day, Month, and Year
Compare and contrast solar and lunar calendars.
Multiple Choice: 58
Short Answer: Illustrate the need for our current pattern of
leap years.
Multiple Choice: 55, 56, 57
2.5 Eclipses Result from the Alignment of Earth, Moon, and
the Sun
Illustrate the Sun-Moon-Earth geometries needed to produce
solar and lunar eclipses.
Multiple Choice: 59, 60, 61, 62, 68, 70
Short Answer: Relate the geometry of solar and lunar eclipses
to their visibility across Earth.
Multiple Choice: 63, 65, 66, 67
Short Answer: Working It Out 2.1
Use proportional reasoning to estimate a characteristic of
the whole based on measurement of a part.
Short Answer: MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
There are _________ constellations in the entire sky.
a.
12
b.
13
c.
88
d.
hundreds of
e.
thousands of
2.
What defines the location of the equator on Earth?
a.
the axis around which Earth rotates
b.
where the ground is the warmest
c.
the tilt of Earth’s rotational axis relative to its orbit
around the Sun
d.
the orbit of Earth around the Sun
e.
all of the above
3.
Circumpolar stars are stars that are
a.
always below the horizon.
b.
always on the celestial equator.
c.
always at the north celestial pole.
d.
sometimes above the horizon.
e.
always above the horizon.
4.
The point directly below your feet is called the
a.
meridian.
b.
celestial pole.
c.
nadir.
d.
circumpolar plane.
e.
zenith.
5.
Declination is a measure of a star’s location relative to
a.
zenith.
b.
ecliptic.
c.
nadir.
d.
celestial equator.
e.
line of nodes.
6.
Right ascension is a measure of a star’s location on the
celestial sphere that is most closely similar to which measurement of location
on Earth?
a.
meters
b.
longitude
c.
latitude
d.
degrees
e.
radians
r.
7.
If the star Polaris has an altitude of 35°, then we know that
a.
our longitude is +55°.
b.
our latitude is +55°.
c.
our longitude is −35°.
d.
our longitude is +35°.
e.
our latitude is +35°.
8.
The direction directly overhead of an observer defines his or
her
a.
meridian.
b.
celestial pole.
c.
nadir.
d.
circumpolar plane.
e.
zenith.
9.
No matter where you are on Earth, stars appear to rotate
about a point called the
a.
zenith.
b.
celestial pole.
c.
nadir.
d.
meridian.
e.
equinox.
10.
The apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over
the course of a year is called the
a.
prime meridian.
b.
ecliptic.
c.
circumpolar plane.
d.
celestial equator.
e.
eclipse.
11.
At a latitude of +50°,
how far above the horizon is the north celestial pole located?
a.
0°
b.
40°
c.
50°
d.
90°
e.
It is not visible at that latitude.
12.
At what latitude is the north celestial pole located at your
zenith?
a.
0°
b.
+30°
c.
+60°
d.
+90°
e.
This occurs at every latitude.
13.
At what latitude is the north celestial pole at your horizon?
a.
0°
b.
+30°
c.
+60°
d.
+90°
e.
This can never happen.
14.
The meridian is defined as an imaginary circle on the sky on
which lie the
a.
celestial equator and vernal equinox.
b.
north and south celestial poles.
c.
zenith and the north and south celestial poles.
d.
zenith and east and west directions.
e.
celestial equator and summer solstice.
15.
A friend takes a time-lapse picture of the sky, as shown in
the figure below. What direction must your friend have been facing when the
picture was taken?
a.
north
b.
east
c.
south
d.
west
e.
directly overhead
16.
A friend takes a time-lapse picture of the sky, as shown in
the figure below. What direction must your friend have been facing when the
picture was taken?
a.
north
b.
east
c.
south
d.
west
e.
directly overhead
17.
How far away on average is Earth from the Sun?
a.
1 light-second
b.
1 light-minute
c.
1 astronomical unit
d.
1 light-hour
e.
1 light-year
18.
If you go out at exactly 9 p.m.
each evening over the course of 1 month, the position of a given star will move
westward by tens of degrees. What causes this motion?
a.
Earth’s rotation on its axis
b.
the revolution of Earth around the Sun
c.
the revolution of the Moon around Earth
d.
the revolution of the Sun around Earth
e.
the speed of the star through space
19.
The ecliptic is defined by the motion of _________ in the
sky.
a.
the Moon
b.
the Sun
c.
the planets
d.
Polaris
e.
the stars
20.
When the northern hemisphere experiences fall, the southern
hemisphere experiences
a.
spring.
b.
summer.
c.
fall.
d.
winter.
21.
When the northern hemisphere experiences summer, the southern
hemisphere experiences
a.
spring.
b.
summer.
c.
fall.
d.
winter.
22.
The day with the smallest number of daylight hours over the
course of the year for a person living in the northern hemisphere is the
a.
summer solstice (June 1)
b.
vernal equinox (March 21)
c.
winter solstice (Dec. 22)
d.
autumnal equinox (Sept. 23)
e.
The number of daylight hours is always the same.
23.
On which day of the year does the Sun reach its northernmost
point in the sky?
a.
vernal equinox
b.
summer solstice
c.
autumnal equinox
d.
winter solstice
e.
The sun always reaches the same altitude.
24.
Earth’s rotational axis precesses in space and completes one
revolution every
a.
200 years.
b.
1,800 years.
c.
7,300 years.
d.
26,000 years.
e.
51,000 years.
25.
Which of the following stars will be the North Star in 12,000
years?
a.
Polaris
b.
Deneb
c.
Vega
d.
Thuban
e.
Sirius
26.
The latitude of the Antarctic Circle is
a.
23.5° N.
b.
66.5° N.
c.
23.5° S.
d.
66.5° S.
e.
90° S.
27.
During summer above the Arctic circle
a.
the Moon cannot be seen.
b.
the Sun can always be seen.
c.
the Sun cannot be seen.
d.
the Sun is always in the southern part of the sky.
e.
the Sun is always directly overhead.
28.
The day with the smallest number of daylight hours over the
course of the year for a person living in the southern hemisphere is the
a.
summer solstice (June 1)
b.
vernal equinox (March 21)
c.
winter solstice (Dec. 22)
d.
autumnal equinox (Sept. 23)
e.
The number of daylight hours is always the same.
29.
If Earth’s axis were tilted by 5° instead of its actual tilt,
how would the seasons be different than they are currently?
a.
The seasons would remain the same.
b.
Summers would be warmer.
c.
Winters would last longer.
d.
Winters would be warmer.
e.
Summers would last longer.
30.
If Earth’s axis were tilted by 35° instead of its actual
tilt, how would the seasons be different than they are currently?
a.
The seasons would remain the same.
b.
Summers would be colder.
c.
Winters would be shorter.
d.
Winters would be colder.
e.
Summers would be shorter.
31.
We experience seasons because
a.
Earth’s equator is tilted relative to the plane of the solar
system.
b.
Earth is closer to the Sun in summer and farther from the Sun
in the winter.
c.
the length of the day is longer in the summer and shorter in
the winter.
d.
Earth moves with a slower speed in its orbit during summer
and faster during winter.
e.
one hemisphere of Earth is closer to the Sun than the other
hemisphere during the summer.
32.
During which season (in the Northern Hemisphere) could you
see the Sun rising from the furthest north?
a.
winter
b.
spring
c.
summer
d.
fall
e.
The Sun always rises directly in the east.
33.
For a person who lives at a latitude of +40°, when is the Sun directly
overhead at noon?
a.
only on the summer solstice
b.
only on the winter solstice
c.
only on the vernal and autumnal equinoxes
d.
never
e.
always
34.
For a person living in Vancouver, Canada, at latitude of +49°, the maximum altitude of the
Sun above the southern horizon on the day of the Winter Solstice is:
a.
41.0°.
b.
17.5°.
c.
25.5°.
d.
37.0°.
e.
64.5°.
35.
Earth is closest to the Sun when the Northern Hemisphere
experiences
a.
spring.
b.
summer.
c.
fall.
d.
winter.
36.
Assume you are observing the night sky from a typical city in
the United States with a latitude of +40°.
Using the figure below, which constellation of the zodiac would be nearest to
the meridian at midnight in mid-September?
a.
Scorpius
b.
Taurus
c.
Pisces
d.
Aquarius
e.
Leo
37.
Assume you are observing the night sky from a typical city in
the United States with a latitude of +40°.
Using the figure below, which constellation of the zodiac would be nearest to
the meridian at 6 p.m. in
mid-September?
a.
Scorpius
b.
Taurus
c.
Pisces
d.
Aquarius
e.
Leo
38.
Assume you are observing the night sky from a typical city in
the United States with a latitude of +40°.
Using the figure below, which constellation of the zodiac would be nearest to
the meridian at 10 p.m. in
mid-May?
a.
Scorpius
b.
Taurus
c.
Pisces
d.
Aquarius
e.
Leo
39.
Using the figure below, what time of the day or night will
the zodiac constellation Gemini rise in March?
a.
2 p.m.
b.
8 p.m.
c.
2 a.m.
d.
8 a.m.
e.
noon
40.
You and a friend go outside to view the stars at midnight
tonight. Six months later, you go outside to find the stars in exactly the same
position in the sky as when you and your friend viewed them. What time is it?
Assume you can see the stars at any time, day or night.
a. 6
a.m.
b.
noon
c.
6 p.m.
d.
midnight
e.
This can never happen.
41.
The brightest star in the constellation Canis Major can be
referred to as
a.
Alpha Canis Majoris
b.
Beta Canis Majoris
c.
Beta Canis
d.
Alpha Majoris
e.
Alpha Canis
42.
At which of the following latitudes is it possible for the
Sun’s rays to hit the ground perpendicular to the ground at some point during
the year?
a.
87°
b.
55°
c.
42°
d.
33°
e.
20°
43.
At approximately what time does a full Moon rise?
a.
12 midnight
b.
12 noon
c.
6 a.m.
d.
6 p.m.
e.
3 p.m.
44.
In regard to the phase of the Moon, the term waxing
means
a.
less than half-illuminated.
b.
more than half–illuminated.
c.
becoming smaller.
d.
illuminated area increasing.
e.
illuminated area decreasing.
45.
If tonight the Moon is in the waxing gibbous phase, in 3 days
what is the most likely phase of the Moon?
a.
new phase.
b.
full phase.
c.
third quarter phase.
d.
first quarter phase.
e.
waxing crescent phase.
46.
If there is a full Moon out tonight, approximately how long
from now will it be in the third quarter phase?
a.
3 to 4 days
b.
1 week
c.
2 weeks
d.
3 weeks
e.
1 month
.
47.
Which of the following is false?
a.
Everyone on Earth observes the same phase of the Moon on a
given night.
b.
The phases of the Moon cycle with a period that is longer
than its sidereal period.
c.
In some phases, the Moon can be observed during the day.
d.
The observed phase of the Moon changes over the course of one
night.
e.
A full Moon can be seen on the eastern horizon at sunset.
48.
If you see a full Moon tonight, approximately how long would
you have to wait to see the next full Moon?
a.
1 week
b.
2 weeks
c.
3 weeks
d.
4 weeks
e.
5 weeks
49.
The Moon undergoes synchronous rotation, and as a consequence
the
a.
rotational period of the Moon equals the orbital period of
the Moon around Earth
b.
rotational period of the Moon equals the rotational period of
Earth
c.
rotational period of the Moon equals the orbital period of
Earth around the Sun
d.
orbital period of the Moon around Earth equals the rotational
period of Earth
e.
Moon does not rotate as it orbits Earth
50.
The sidereal period of the moon is
a.
1 month.
b.
27.32 days.
c.
28 days.
d.
29.53 days.
e.
30 days.
.
51.
What time does a third quarter Moon rise?
a.
12 midnight
b.
12 noon
c.
3 p.m.
d.
6 a.m.
e.
6 p.m.
52.
The Moon’s sidereal period is 2.2 days shorter than the
period during which the Moon’s phases change because
a.
the Moon always keeps the same side turned toward Earth.
b.
Earth must rotate so an observer can see the Moon.
c.
the Moon’s orbit is tilted with respect to Earth’s rotational
axis.
d.
Earth moves significantly in its orbit around the Sun during
that time.
e.
the Moon’s orbital speed varies.
53.
At which of the possible times below could the waxing gibbous
moon be seen rising?
a.
3 p.m.
b.
9 a.m.
c.
11 p.m.
d.
5 a.m.
e.
8 p.m.
54.
If a person on Earth currently views the Moon in a waxing
crescent phase, in what phase would Earth appear to a person on the Moon?
a.
waxing crescent
b.
waxing gibbous
c.
waning gibbous
d.
waning crescent
e.
New
55.
Leap years occur because
a.
Earth’s orbital period around the Sun is decreasing.
b.
Earth’s orbital period is 365.24 days.
c.
the Gregorian calendar contains only 11 months.
d.
Earth speeds up in its orbit when it comes closest to the
Sun.
e.
a calendar month is not the same as a lunar month.
56.
How often do leap years occur?
a.
almost every 3 years
b.
almost every 4 years
c.
almost every 5 years
d.
almost every 8 years
e.
almost every 10 years
57.
How often would we have leap years if Earth’s orbital period
were 365.1 days?
a.
every year
b.
every 2 years
c.
every 4 years
d.
every 10 years
e.
We would not need to have leap years.
58.
A purely lunar calendar is not ideal for our modern world
because
a.
leap years are more frequent.
b.
the months line up with the phases of the moon.
c.
the seasons don’t occur in the same month every year.
d.
high and low tides occur at different times.
e.
leap year are less frequent.
59.
In the figure below, at which position must the Moon be
located in order for a lunar eclipse to occur?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
60.
In the figure below, at which position must the Moon be
located in order for a solar eclipse to occur?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
61.
During which lunar phase do solar eclipses occur?
a.
new
b.
first quarter
c.
full
d.
third quarter
62.
A partial lunar eclipse occurs when
a.
the Sun appears to go behind the Moon.
b.
the Moon passes through part of the Earth’s shadow.
c.
the Moon shadows part of the Sun.
d.
The Earth passes through part of the Moon’s shadow.
e.
the Moon passes through part of the Sun’s shadow.
63.
If you are lucky enough to see a total solar eclipse, you
must be standing in the
a.
Moon’s umbra.
b.
Moon’s penumbra.
c.
Earth’s umbra.
d.
Earth’s penumbra.
e.
Sun’s umbra.
64.
The darkest part of the Moon’s shadow is the
a.
partial shadow.
b.
penumbra.
c.
umbra.
d.
annular.
65.
During a lunar eclipse the Moon can appear red. This is
caused by
a.
the moon glowing red.
b.
oxidation of the lunar crust.
c.
solar flares.
d.
light traveling through Earth’s atmosphere.
66.
If you are observing a partial solar eclipse, you must be
standing in the
a.
Moon’s umbra.
b.
Moon’s penumbra.
c.
Earth’s umbra.
d.
Earth’s penumbra.
e.
Sun’s umbra.
.
67.
A solar-powered spacecraft is traveling through the Moon’s
shadow. Which part(s), if any, of the Moon’s shadow will cause the spacecraft
to completely lose power?
a.
umbra
b.
penumbra
c.
annulus
d.
both umbra and penumbra
e.
The spacecraft will never lose power.
h.
68.
Solar and lunar eclipses are rare because
a.
the Moon’s orbital plane is tipped by 5.2° relative to the
plane defined by Earth’s equator.
b.
the Moon’s orbital plane is tipped by 5.2° relative to
Earth’s orbital plane.
c.
the Moon’s orbital plane is tipped by 23.5° relative to the
plane defined by Earth’s equator.
d.
the Moon’s orbital plane is tipped by 23.5° relative to
Earth’s orbital plane.
e.
the Moon’s orbital plane is tipped by 5.2° relative to the
galactic plane.
.
69.
A type of eclipse in which the Sun appears as a bright ring
is called a
a.
total solar eclipse.
b.
partial solar eclipse.
c.
annular solar eclipse.
d.
lunar eclipse.
e.
umbral eclipse.
70.
Approximately how often do lunar eclipses occur?
a.
twice every year
b.
three times every year
c.
once per month
d.
twice every 11 months
e.
once every 11 years
SHORT
ANSWER
1.
Consider an observer located on the equator. If the observer
sees a star directly overhead at 10 p.m.,
where will that star be located in the night sky at 3 a.m.?
OBJ:
Show the path that a star follows on the sky, from the time it rises until it
sets.
2.
Consider an observer located on the equator. If the observer
sees a star directly overhead at 8 p.m.,
where will that star be located in the night sky at midnight? How far above the
horizon will it be or will it have set?
3.
On what place(s) on Earth can you stand and have the
celestial equator be at the same altitude for all 360 degrees of its
circumference?
4.
Draw a dome representing the visible sky. Label the horizon,
meridian, zenith, and each of the four cardinal directions (north, east, south,
and west).
5.
The center of the Milky Way lies approximately 30° south of
the celestial equator. From what latitudes on Earth is it impossible to view
the center of our galaxy?
6.
How is the observed height of Polaris above the horizon
related to an observer’s latitude? (Hint: Consider three cases of observers
located at the equator, the North Pole, and latitude =
+45°.)
7.
What latitude on Earth would be the best for observing as
much of the celestial sphere as possible over the course of a year?
8.
If you are standing on the equator and shoot a cannonball
directly north, where would you expect it to land?
9.
What would be the effect on the seasons if the tilt of
Earth’s axis were 10° rather than 23.5°?
10.
What is the point on the celestial sphere where the ecliptic
crosses from below to above the celestial equator called?
11.
What makes the equinoxes and solstices special?
12.
On what day(s) of the year does the Sun set due west?
13.
Earth experiences seasons due to the tilt of its axis. What
are two consequences of this tilt that contribute to the seasons?
14.
For an observer in Seattle, Washington, which is located at
latitude =
+47°, what is the lowest possible
altitude one might see the Sun on the meridian over the course of the year?
Approximately what time of the day and year will this occur?
15.
The position of the autumnal equinox lies at the intersection
of which two great celestial circles on the celestial sphere?
16.
Why does the Moon always show the same face to Earth?
17.
Explain why we always see the same side of the Moon from
Earth.
18.
If the Moon was full 3 days ago, what phase will it be in
tonight, and when will it rise and set?
19.
Based on the location of the Moon shown in the figure below,
draw a picture of how the moon would appear to an observer located on Earth.
20.
As the month passes, the Moon appears to rise later in the
day or night when compared to the previous day. Explain why this happens.
21.
Based on the location of the Moon shown in the figure below,
draw a picture of how the Moon would appear to an observer located on Earth.
22.
What is the difference between the terms solar day and
sidereal day?
23.
How does today’s Gregorian calendar differ from the calendars
of more ancient civilizations, such as the Chinese, the Egyptians, and the
Babylonians?
24.
Why do some years in certain lunar calendars have 13 months?
25.
Draw a picture below showing the Moon’s location relative to
Earth and the Sun during a lunar eclipse.
.
26.
Draw a picture below showing the Moon’s location relative to
Earth and the Sun during a solar eclipse.
.
27.
Explain the type of solar eclipse that would be observed by
an observer on Earth if they were in each respective part (A, B, C, and D) of
the shadow of the moon, shown in the figure below.
28.
Explain why the eclipse seasons occur roughly twice every 11
months, rather than twice per year.
29.
Approximately how large is the umbra on the surface of Earth?
30.
Earth has an average radius of approximately 6.4 × 103 km. What is the
average speed, in units of km/s, of the ground at Earth’s equator due to the
daily rotation of Earth if there are 8.64 ×
104 seconds per day?
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