TEST BANK 21ST CENTURY
ASTRONOMY THE SOLAR SYSTEM 5TH EDITION BY KAY
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Chapter 12: Dwarf Planets
and Small Solar System Bodies
Learning
Objectives
12.1 Dwarf Planets May Outnumber Planets
Distinguish the characteristics of a dwarf
planet from a planet.
Multiple Choice: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9
Short Answer: 1, 3, 4
Establish why Pluto was once considered a planet, but now is
classified as a dwarf planet.
Multiple Choice: 5, 11
Short Answer: 2
12.2 Asteroids Are Pieces of the Past
Identify the different locations of asteroids in the solar
system.
Multiple Choice: 12, 15, 17, 20
Differentiate an asteroid from a dwarf planet.
Multiple Choice: 10, 13, 14, 18, 19, 29
Summarize the differences between C-, S-, and M-type
asteroids.
Multiple Choice: 21, 23, 24, 25
Short Answer: 8
Describe how tidal effects from Jupiter keep main-belt asteroids
from forming a planet and cause the Kirkwood gaps.
Multiple Choice: 16
Short Answer: 6
Summarize what we have learned about asteroids from satellite
visits and landings.
Multiple Choice: 22, 26, 27, 28
Short Answer: 7, 10
12.3 Comets Are Clumps of Ice
Describe the two homes of comets.
Multiple Choice: 30, 35
Distinguish between the orbital characteristics of long- and
short-period comets.
Multiple Choice: 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 46, 47
Short Answer: 12
Describe the four parts of an active comet.
Multiple Choice: 33, 40, 41, 45
Short Answer: 18, 19, 21
Illustrate the changes in a comet’s appearance over the
course of its orbit.
Multiple Choice: 42, 43
Short Answer: 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20
Summarize what we have learned about comets from satellite
visits and landings
Multiple Choice: 32, 44
12.4 Meteorites Are Remnants of the Early
Solar System
Differentiate between meteors, meteorites, and meteoroids.
Multiple Choice: 56, 57
Short Answer: 22
Differentiate between the different compositions and origins
of meteorites.
Multiple Choice: 48, 49, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66
Short Answer: 23
Summarize the origins of meteoroids that Earth encounters.
Multiple Choice: 58
Illustrate the origin of meteor showers.
Multiple Choice: 51, 52, 53, 54, 55
Short Answer: 26
Explain how asteroids and meteorites provide critical clues
to the origin and history of our Solar System
Multiple Choice: 50, 60, 62, 67
Short Answer: 24, 25
12.5 Collisions Still Happen Today
Summarize why it is important to search for and characterize
all near-Earth objects.
Multiple Choice: 68, 70
Short Answer: 27, 28, 29
Working It Out 12.1
Calculate perihelion and aphelion distances of an orbit based
on an object’s orbital eccentricity.
Short Answer: 9
Working It Out 12.2
Calculate the energy of an impact.
Multiple Choice: 69
Short Answer: 30
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
Which of the following
types of solar system debris were not discovered until the age of
telescopes?
a.
comets
b.
meteoroids
c.
zodiacal dust
d.
asteroids
e.
all of the above
2.
What group of solar
system objects does Pluto belong to?
a.
the Trojan asteroids
b.
the dwarf planets
c.
the giant objects
d.
the terrestrial planets
3.
Pluto is composed
primarily of
a.
rock.
b.
ice.
c.
a rocky core surrounded
by ice.
d.
metallic hydrogen.
4.
Pluto has an atmosphere
that comes and goes over an orbital period, because
a.
the atmosphere escapes
into space because of the low escape velocity from Pluto.
b.
the atmosphere is
pulled away from the planet by interaction with its moon Charon.
c.
the atmosphere “freezes
out” when Pluto is at its farthest from the Sun.
d.
chemical reactions
between Pluto’s atmosphere and gas expelled by its many volcanoes generates
carbon dioxide, which is too heavy to stay aloft in the atmosphere.
5.
Pluto is classified as
a dwarf planet because
a.
it has not cleared out
other bodies from its orbit.
b.
it is more than 1,000
times smaller than Earth’s moon.
c.
it has no moons of its
own.
d.
it has a unique
chemical composition that is very different from other planets.
e.
it orbits just outside
the Solar System.
6.
Which of following is false?
a.
Pluto has five moons.
b.
Pluto has a mass that
is 10 times less than Earth’s mass.
c.
Pluto’s orbit sometimes
brings it closer to the Sun than Neptune.
d.
Pluto was discovered by
Clyde Tombaugh in 1930.
e.
Pluto has a thin
atmosphere.
7.
Pluto has a density
that is roughly equal to two times that of
a.
a feather.
b.
water.
c.
lead.
d.
a rock.
e.
air.
8.
Currently the surface
of the dwarf planet Eris is covered with _________, which makes it have the
highest albedo of any object in the Solar System.
a.
methane ice
b.
water ice
c.
nitrogen ice
d.
sulfur dioxide ice
e.
carbon dioxide ice
9.
Eris, Ceres, and Haumea
are examples of
a.
asteroids.
b.
dwarf planets.
c.
meteoroids.
d.
comets.
e.
meteor showers.
10.
The dwarf planet Eris
has a moon called Dysnomia, which is much smaller in mass than Eris. If
Dysnomia has an orbital period of 16 days and orbits Eris at a distance of
40,000 km, then what is the mass of Eris?
a.
2 × 1013
kg
b.
2 × 1022
kg
c.
2 × 1028
kg
d.
2 × 1032
kg
e.
2 × 1035
kg
11.
How does the mass of
Pluto compare to that of Earth?
a.
It is around 100 times
smaller.
b.
It is around 1000 times
smaller.
c.
It is around 450 times
smaller.
d.
It is around 10 times
smaller.
12.
Where are asteroids
found?
a.
between Mars and
Jupiter
b.
inside Earth’s orbit,
halfway to the Sun
c.
in the farthest reaches
of the Solar System, beyond Pluto
d.
throughout the Solar
System
13.
When combined,
asteroids have a mass equivalent to
a.
about 1/10th the mass
of Earth’s Moon.
b.
about equal to the mass
of Earth’s Moon.
c.
about 1/2 the mass of
Earth’s Moon.
d.
about 1/25th the mass
of Earth’s Moon.
14.
Meteorites are
a.
remnants of a single
object near Pluto that never coalesced to form a planet.
b.
fragments of
planetesimals between Mars and Jupiter.
c.
comets that formed
close enough to the Sun to have lost all their volatiles.
d.
objects ejected from
Saturn’s rings.
15.
Why do some short
period comets have orbits within the orbit of Jupiter?
a.
They were created from
the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
b.
They actually orbit
Jupiter rather than the Sun.
c.
As they traveled to the
inner Solar System from the Kuiper Belt, they suffered a gravitational
encounter with Jupiter, which trapped them.
d.
As they traveled to the
inner Solar System from the Kuiper Belt, they collided with one another and no
longer had enough speed to reach the Kuiper Belt again.
16.
The Kirkwood gaps are
regularly spaced gaps in the asteroid distribution. What causes the gaps to appear?
a.
The pressure of the
solar wind is especially strong at these locations, evacuating asteroids out of
them.
b.
They are regions where
gravitational pull from Mars is overcome by gravitational pull from Jupiter.
c.
They are regions where
an object and Jupiter would regularly line up during their orbits, causing the
object to repeatedly be tugged by Jupiter’s gravity until it leaves that orbit.
d.
They are regions
between Jupiter and Saturn where the combined effect of both planets’ gravity
prevents objects from orbiting there.
17.
Most asteroids are
located between the orbits of
a.
Earth and Mars.
b.
Mars and Jupiter.
c.
Jupiter and Saturn.
d.
Neptune and Pluto.
e.
the Kuiper Belt and the
Oort Cloud.
18.
Most asteroids are
a.
very large (>100 km).
b.
large (30−100 km).
c.
medium (10−30 km).
d.
small (1−10 km).
e.
very small (<1 km).
19.
The mass of all the
known asteroids combined is approximately equal to
a.
half the mass of Earth.
b.
three times the mass of
Earth.
c.
twice the mass of Mars.
d.
the mass of Mars.
e.
less than one-third the
mass of the Moon.
20.
Which group of
asteroids regularly crosses Earth’s orbit and thus might possibly collide with
our planet?
a.
the Amors
b.
the Atens
c.
the Kuiper Belt objects
d.
the Trojans
e.
all of the above
21.
Asteroids are primarily
composed of
a.
hydrogen and helium.
b.
ice and dust.
c.
rock.
d.
iron.
e.
methane.
22.
Most asteroids are
closest in shape to
a.
a potato.
b.
a banana.
c.
a hot dog.
d.
a stick.
e.
a baseball.
23.
The darkest asteroids
are
a.
M-type.
b.
S-type.
c.
C-type.
d.
A-type.
e.
Q-type.
24.
Iron meteorites are
fragments of which type of asteroid?
a.
A-type
b.
C-type
c.
M-type
d.
Q-type
e.
S-type
25.
Carbonaceous chondrite
meteorites are fragments of which type of asteroid?
a.
A-type
b.
C-type
c.
M-type
d.
Q-type
e.
S-type
26.
Until spacecraft flew
by asteroids, scientists did not have a good idea of what they looked like.
Which of the following missions was the first to fly by an asteroid?
a.
NEAR Shoemaker
b.
Rosetta
c.
Galileo
d.
Dawn
e.
Stardust
27.
The most
straightforward way to determine the mass of an asteroid is if it has
a.
a rocky composition.
b.
a moon.
c.
an orbit that lies
between Earth and Mars.
d.
carbonaceous
chondrites.
e.
a magnetic field.
28.
In November 2005, the
Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa brought back a sample from which type of
object for the first time?
a.
comet
b.
asteroid
c.
moon
d.
terrestrial planet
e.
gas giant planet
29.
Remnants of volcanic
activity on the asteroid Vesta indicate that members of the asteroid belt
a.
were once part of a
single protoplanet that was shattered by collisions.
b.
have all undergone
significant chemical evolution since formation.
c.
occasionally grow large
enough to become differentiated and geologically active.
d.
were once a part of a
young Mars.
e.
used to be volcanic
moons orbiting other planets.
30.
What is the relative
importance of collisions between comets compared to collisions between
meteoroids and asteroids?
a.
They are not very
important.
b.
They are very
important.
c.
They are somewhat important,
especially for short-period comets.
d.
They are only important
for long-period comets.
31.
Which type of comet is
the most common?
a.
short-period comets
b.
long-period comets
c.
There are approximately
equal numbers of both.
d.
Astronomers have no way
of knowing this.
32.
How do astronomers
identify the parent comet of a meteor observed in Earth’s atmosphere?
a.
They use the brightness
of the meteor.
b.
They accurately measure
the time of the night when the meteor is seen.
c.
They measure how long a
streak the meteor generates in the atmosphere.
d.
They use the speed and
direction of a cometary meteor’s flight to identify its parent comet.
33.
Identify the object
shown in the figure below.
a.
an active comet
b.
a meteor shower
c.
a meteorite
d.
an asteroid
e.
zodiacal dust
34.
A comet having an orbit
of 50 years would likely have come from the
a.
Atens family.
b.
Oort Cloud.
c.
Trojan family.
d.
zodiacal zone.
e.
Kuiper Belt.
35.
Most comets originate
a.
near Earth and Venus,
in the early Solar System.
b.
far from the planets,
many thousands of astronomical units (AU) from the Sun.
c.
from the region between
the orbits of Jupiter and Neptune.
d.
between the Sun and
Mercury.
e.
between the orbits of
Mars and Jupiter.
36.
The one orbital
characteristic that both short- and long-period comets share is
a.
mostly prograde orbits.
b.
orbits with completely
random tilts.
c.
mostly retrograde
orbits.
d.
orbital periods longer
than any planet.
e.
highly eccentric
orbits.
37.
Approximately how often
does a spectacularly active, visible comet appear?
a.
once a year
b.
once every 5 years
c.
once every 10 years
d.
once every 50 years
e.
once every 1,000 years
38.
Comet Halley is unique
because
a.
it was the first comet
whose return was predicted.
b.
it is a member of the
Jovian family but has a retrograde orbit.
c.
its period is less than
a human lifetime.
d.
it was successfully
visited by a spacecraft.
e.
it was the brightest
comet ever observed by humans.
39.
With a semimajor axis
of 18 AU, Comet Halley has a period of
a.
7 years.
b.
16 years.
c.
32 years.
d.
67 years.
e.
76 years.
40.
The nucleus of the
typical comet is approximately _________ in size.
a.
10 km
b.
1,000 km
c.
100 m
d.
10 m
e.
1 cm
41.
The nuclei of a comet
is mostly
a.
solid ice.
b.
solid rock.
c.
liquid water.
d.
a porous mix of ice and
dust.
e.
frozen carbon dioxide.
42.
When a comet comes
close to the Sun, its volatile ice sublimates and transforms directly from the
solid to _________ phase.
a.
liquid
b.
crystalline
c.
energized
d.
gas
e.
ionized
43.
Why does the dust tail
separate from the ion tail?
a.
The dust has no charge,
so it is not affected by the solar wind.
b.
Dust cannot sublimate
as ice can, so it cannot form a tail as easily.
c.
The dust tail forms on
the leading side of the nucleus, whereas the gas tail forms on the opposite
side.
d.
Dust particles are more
massive than ions, so their accelerations are less.
e.
The dust tail has the
opposite charge as the ion tail.
44.
Which of the following
comets has not been visited by spacecraft?
a.
Halley
b.
Wild 2
c.
Tempel 1
d.
Hartley 2
e.
Shoemaker-Levy 9
45.
Comet nuclei, absent
their tails, are very dark because
a.
they are made of water
ice.
b.
they have iron and
nickel mixed with ice.
c.
they have organic
molecules mixed with ice.
d.
they are covered in rock.
e.
they are too cold to
emit any light.
46.
Suppose we discover a
comet whose orbit was very highly eccentric, retrograde, had a very large tilt
with respect to the ecliptic plane, and a period of 2,000 years. Where is the
most likely place of origin for this comet?
a.
the Kuiper Belt
b.
the Oort Cloud
c.
the asteroid belt
d.
the Jovian family
e.
outside the Solar
System
47.
Which of the following
does not describe comets in the Oort Cloud?
a.
long period
b.
pristine condition
c.
cold temperatures
d.
randomly directed
orbits
e.
flattened distribution
in space
48.
What is the main source
of meteors?
a.
short-period comets
b.
long-period comets
c.
asteroids
d.
terrestrial planets
49.
Which type of meteorite
is most commonly found on Earth?
a.
metallic
b.
stony
c.
glassy
d.
They are all equally
common.
50.
What implication does
the composition of cometary nuclei have for the creation of life?
a.
They hold water, which
is needed by all life.
b.
They hold organic
compounds, evidence that the ingredients necessary for the creation of life
were present in the early solar nebula.
c.
Bacteria have been
found in cometary nuclei, proving that life on Earth came from comets.
d.
They hold oxygen, which
is needed for all life.
51.
The minimum size of a
meteoroid that is capable of surviving its passage through Earth’s atmosphere
and hitting the ground is about as big as
a.
a car.
b.
a house.
c.
a basketball.
d.
a grain of sand.
e.
your fist.
52.
The Perseid meteor
shower will occur
a.
every month.
b.
every year.
c.
every 4 years.
d.
every 76 years.
e.
every 132 years.
53.
The meteoroids in the
Leonids meteor shower, which occurs every November, come from
a.
dust in the
star-forming Leo nebula.
b.
dust melted off Comet
Tempel-Tuttle.
c.
debris from the
collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.
d.
zodiacal dust.
e.
dust blown off of
Earth’s surface.
54.
The Lyrid meteor shower
occurs every year on approximately April 21 because
a.
the Lyrae constellation
is directly overhead at midnight.
b.
Earth passes through a
cloud of debris left behind by Comet Thatcher.
c.
Earth passes through a
cloud of debris left over from the Solar System’s formation.
d.
Earth undergoes a
periodic volcanic eruption every April.
e.
the Sun is located in
the Lyrae constellation at noon.
55.
A large meteor shower
will often occur once a year because
a.
Earth typically has one
large volcanic eruption every year.
b.
Earth’s orbit passes
through the Apollo asteroid belt.
c.
the Sun goes through a
yearly solar cycle.
d.
Jupiter routinely
disturbs the orbits of asteroids in the Jovian belt.
e.
Earth passes through
the debris left behind by a specific comet.
56.
Identify the phenomenon
shown in the figure below.
a.
an active comet
b.
a meteor shower
c.
a meteorite
d.
an asteroid
e.
zodiacal dust
57.
Meteor showers appear
as if they are coming from one particular place in the sky because
a.
that is the direction
in which the comet is coming toward us.
b.
that is the direction
in which the comet is moving away from us.
c.
that is the direction
toward which Earth is traveling.
d.
that is the direction
Earth just passed.
e.
that is the location in
the sky from which the meteors originate.
58.
Antarctica is the best
hunting ground for meteorites for all of the following reasons except
a.
the ground is covered
with ice.
b.
more meteorites fall
there than on other locations on Earth.
c.
few native rocks are
found on the glaciers.
d.
meteorites are
protected from weathering and contamination there.
e.
by searching at
different depths in the ice you can determine the history of impacts over time.
59.
Identify the object
shown in the figure below.
a.
a meteor
b.
a chondrite meteorite
c.
an achondrite meteorite
d.
an iron meteorite
e.
an asteroid
60.
Meteorites contain
clues to all of the following except
a.
the age of the Solar
System.
b.
the temperature in the
early solar nebula.
c.
changes in the rate of
cratering in the early Solar System.
d.
the composition of the
primitive Solar System.
e.
the physical processes
that controlled the formation of the Solar System.
61.
The most common type of
meteorites are
a.
stony meteorites.
b.
iron meteorites.
c.
achondrite meteorites.
d.
stony-iron meteorites.
e.
carbonaceous chondrite
meteorites.
62.
Which group of
meteorites represents the conditions in the earliest stages of the formation of
the Solar System?
a.
chondrites
b.
achondrites
c.
icy meteorites
d.
iron meteorites
e.
stony-iron meteorites
63.
Although most
meteorites have ages around 4.5 billion years, a small subset has ages around
1.3 billion years. What caused the substantial difference in age between these
two populations of meteorites?
a.
These meteorites just
happened to form later than most meteorites.
b.
Not all meteorites hit
Earth in the early Solar System. We should expect to find younger meteorites as
more meteors pass through the atmosphere.
c.
The younger meteorites
were created when a protoplanet collided with Earth, creating the Moon. The
leftover fragments became meteorites.
d.
These meteorites were
thrown into space after an impact with Mars and afterward some happened to
collide with Earth.
e.
The younger ones are
the result of comets repeatedly passing close to the Sun, melting their
surfaces and making them appear younger.
64.
Identify the object
shown in the image below.
a.
an active comet
b.
a meteor shower
c.
a meteorite
d.
an asteroid
e.
zodiacal dust
65.
most?
a.
comets
b.
asteroids
c.
the Moon
d.
volcanoes on Earth
e.
tornados on Earth
66.
All of the zodiacal
dust in the Solar System combined is roughly equal in mass to
a.
a meteoroid.
b.
a comet.
c.
Jupiter.
d.
the Moon.
e.
a terrestrial planet.
67.
In the early universe,
when the Solar System had yet to be cleared of the debris out of which it
formed, which type of object would have been most likely to deposit water onto
Earth’s surface?
a.
comets
b.
asteroids
c.
a Mars-sized
protoplanet
d.
Both comets and
asteroids appear to be sources.
e.
None, because water is
not a major component of any of the objects above.
68.
In 1994, dozens of
fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collided with
a.
Jupiter.
b.
Earth.
c.
Neptune.
d.
the Moon.
e.
Saturn.
69.
Consider a meteoroid
with a diameter of 10 cm and a mass of 2 kg that hits Earth head-on while
traveling at a speed of 25,000 m/s. How many times larger or smaller is the
meteoroid’s kinetic energy compared to that of a typical train whose mass is 2 × 106 kg
and speed is 25 m/s?
a.
The meteoroid’s kinetic
energy is equal to that of the train.
b.
The meteoroid’s kinetic
energy is 1,000 times less than that of the train.
c.
The meteoroid’s kinetic
energy is 1,000 times greater than that of the train.
d.
The meteoroid’s kinetic
energy is 106 times greater than that of the train.
e.
The meteoroid’s kinetic
energy is 109 times greater than that of the train.
70.
A recent estimate finds
that approximately 800 meteorites with mass greater than 0.1 kg strike the
surface of Earth each day. If a house covers an area of roughly 100 m2,
then what is the probability that your house will be struck by a meteorite in
your 100-year lifetime? Note that the radius of Earth is 6,400 km.
a.
1 in 1 × 104
b.
1 in 2 × 105
c.
1 in 4 × 106
d.
1 in 6 × 107
e.
1 in 8 × 108
SHORT ANSWER
1.
List the names of the
known dwarf planets and their approximate location in the Solar System.
2.
Give the two main differences
between the orbital properties of the dwarf planet Pluto and those of planets
in our Solar System.
3.
The dwarf planet Eris
is covered in methane ice, whereas the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus is
covered in water ice. Why does methane exist in ice form on Eris but not Enceladus?
4.
An astronomer observes
a dwarf planet that has a small diameter but is rather bright, so she concludes
that it must have a high albedo. Why?
5.
Name three properties
of the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris that are similar.
6.
Suppose a collision
between two large asteroids creates a handful of smaller asteroid fragments,
some of which orbit at 2.7 AU from the Sun and some which orbit at 2.5 AU from
the Sun. Based on the asteroid distribution plot shown in Figure 12.5, which of
the two smaller asteroid groups will have a stable orbit around the Sun, and
why?
7.
Give examples of a
C-type asteroid and an S-type asteroid that have been observed by spacecraft.
What did we learn about each type?
8.
What does the existence
of M-type asteroids tell us about their origin?
9.
Comets have highly
eccentric orbits, with eccentricities of 0.95 to 0.99 being common. Suppose a
certain comet has an eccentricity of 0.99. If the semimajor axis of its orbit
is 2,500 AU, what will be its distance at perihelion and at aphelion? Is this
most likely a Kuiper Belt object or an Oort Cloud comet? (Note: For an ellipse,
a(1 + e) is the distance from one focus to the farther edge
of the long axis and a(1 − e) is the
distance from the same focus to the closer edge of the long axis.)
10.
Why are asteroids
considered to be excellent sources for studying conditions in the early Solar
System, whereas planets themselves are not?
11.
Describe the
relationship between planets, dwarf planets, planetesimals, asteroids, and
meteorites.
12.
Consider three comets
that have orbital periods of 10, 100, and 1,000 years. Where would each of
these comets likely originate, in the Oort Cloud or the Kuiper Belt? If you
wanted to study material that was the best example of pristine Solar System
material, which would you study?
13.
Why do long-period
comets usually put on a much more visually spectacular display than
short-period comets?
14.
In its 1986 trip around
the Sun, it was estimated that Comet Halley lost approximately 100 billion kg
of material. The total mass of the nucleus was estimated to be 3 × 1014
kg. Assuming the mass loss rate is constant with each passage, and assuming the
nucleus remains intact until there is nothing left, how many more times will we
see Comet Halley? Explain why your answer is an upper limit.
15.
Do icy cometary nuclei
melt and move from solid to liquid phase as they are warmed by the radiation
from the Sun?
16.
Assume the larger
circle shown in the figure below is the Sun, and the smaller circle is the head
of a comet. If the comet is moving away from the Sun, draw and label the
two tails onto the comet.
17.
How is it possible for
the tail of a comet to actually move ahead of the comet itself?
18.
Looking at the image
below, identify the two tails.
19.
If you can model the
mass in Comet Halley as a sphere 5 km in radius, what is its density if it has
a mass of 1014 kg? How does that density compare to that of water
(1,000 kg/m3)?
20.
Let’s say that you
discovered a comet in the outer Solar System that had an average albedo of 0.6.
If its surface was composed of a mixture of organic substances, which had an
albedo of 0, and ice, which had an albedo of 1.0, then what percent of its
surface is covered by organic substances?
21.
Why does a comet usually
have two tails, one that is straight and one that is curved? What materials
compose each tail, and why do they have different shapes?
22.
Give the definitions of
meteoroid, meteor, and meteorite, and clearly explain how they differ.
23.
You find a blackened rock
lying on top of the snow. You find that it is fairly dense and suspect it might
be a meteorite. You take it to a lab, and they cut it open to reveal many small
spherical, glassy particles set into the surrounding rock. Is this a meteorite?
Why, or why not?
24.
How might impacts have
helped increase Earth’s water supply in the early history of the Solar System?
25.
What is the best way to
look for comet and asteroid dust in the solar system?
26.
What is the origin of
meteor showers, and why are they sometimes more intense than at other times?
27.
What kind of comet was
Shoemaker-Levy 9, and why?
28.
Describe two modern-day
(within the past 150 years) events when comets or asteroids collided with a
planet. Cite the planet, and describe the major consequences of the collision.
29.
Describe two challenges
faced by astronomers in identifying potential collisions between Earth and
Earth-crossing asteroids and meteorites.
30.
Consider a small comet
nucleus whose diameter is 1 km and mass is 5 × 1011
kg. It hits Earth head-on, traveling at a speed of 1,000 m/s. How many times
larger or smaller is the comet’s kinetic energy compared to that of a typical
train pulling 20 boxcars whose total mass is 2 × 106 kg
and speed is 25 m/s?
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