TEST BANK 21ST CENTURY ASTRONOMY THE SOLAR SYSTEM 5TH EDITION BY KAY
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TEST BANK
21st Century Astronomy
FIFTH EDITION
TEST BANK
21st Century Astronomy
FIFTH EDITION
LAURA KAY ◆ STACY PALEN ◆ GEORGE BLUMENTHAL
JOSHUA THOMAS
Clarkson University
PARVIZ GHAVAMIAN
Towson University
ADRIANA DURBALA
University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
W • W • NORTON & COMPANY • NEW YORK • LONDON
W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William
Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded
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W. W. Norton & Company, Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 | Thinking Like an Astronomer 1
Chapter 2 | Patterns in the Sky—Motions of Earth and the Moon 18
Chapter 3 | Motion of Astronomical Bodies 37
Chapter 4 | Gravity and Orbits 53
Chapter 5 | Light 72
Chapter 6 | The Tools of the Astronomer 90
Chapter 7 | The Birth and Evolution of Planetary Systems 107
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. ii
Chapter 8 | The Terrestrial Planets and Earth’s Moon 124
Chapter 9 | Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets 144
Chapter 10 | Worlds of Gas and Liquid—The Giant Planets 163
Chapter 11 | Planetary Moons and Rings 181
Chapter 12 | Dwarf Planets and Small Solar System Bodies 198
Chapter 13 | Taking the Measure of Stars 216
Chapter 14 | Our Star—The Sun 236
Chapter 15 | Star Formation and the Interstellar Medium 254
Chapter 16 | Evolution of Low-Mass Stars 273
Chapter 17 | Evolution of High-Mass Stars 292
Chapter 18 | Relativity and Black Holes 314
Chapter 19 | Galaxies 334
Chapter 20 | The Milky Way—A Normal Spiral Galaxy 356
Chapter 21 | The Expanding Universe 378
Chapter 22 | Cosmology 397
Chapter 23 | Large-Scale Structure in the Universe 419
Chapter 24 | Life 443
BLOOM’S TAXONOMY
This Test Bank provides 2,400 multiple choice and short answer questions. Each chapter
consists of six question levels classified according to Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Remembering
Understanding
Applying
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Analyzing
Evaluating
Creating
Questions are further classified by section and difficulty, making it easy to construct tests and quizzes that are meaningful and diagnostic.
Test Bank files are available in Word, PDF, and ExamView® Assessment Suite formats.
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Chapter 1: Thinking Like an Astronomer
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1.1 Earth Occupies a Small Place in the Universe
Define the bold-faced vocabulary terms within the chapter. Multiple Choice: 1, 9, 14, 21, 29, 31, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 44 Short Answer:
List our cosmic address. Multiple Choice: 22 Short Answer:
Differentiate the various components of our cosmic address. Multiple Choice: 2, 6, 23
Short Answer:
Relate the different sizes of, or the different distances between, the components of our cosmic address.
Multiple Choice: 10, 11, 15, 24, 25
Short Answer:
Relate astronomical distances with light-travel time. Multiple Choice: 4, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 27, 28
Short Answer: Illustrate the size or history of the universe with scaled models. Multiple Choice: 3, 5, 8, 12, 13
Short Answer: 1.2 Science Is a Way of Viewing the Universe
Compare the everyday and scientific meanings of theory.
Multiple Choice: 33, 35, 39
Short Answer: Compare an idea with a hypothesis.
Multiple Choice: 32, 34
Short Answer: Describe the steps of the scientific method.
Multiple Choice: 38, 41
Short Answer: Assess whether a given idea or explanation is scientific.
Multiple Choice: 45, 46
Short Answer: Establish why all scientific knowledge is provisional.
Multiple Choice: 30
Short Answer: 1.3 Astronomers Use Mathematics to Find Patterns
Identify patterns in nature.
Multiple Choice: 47, 48, 51
Short Answer: Summarize the evidence for the statement “We are actually made of recycled stardust.”
Multiple Choice: 50, 52, 54
Short Answer: Identify fields of science that relate to the study of origins. Multiple Choice: 53
Short Answer: Working It Out 1.1
Write numbers in both scientific and standard notation.
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Multiple Choice: 49, 55, 57, 58, 68
Describe characteristics of real-world objects in terms of ratios.
Multiple Choice: 56, 59, 60
Determine the mathematical behavior of proportional systems.
Multiple Choice: 61, 62, 63, 64
Working It Out 1.2
Identify the x and y axes on a graph.
Define slope on a graph.
Read data from linear and logarithmic graphs.
Multiple Choice: 65, 66, 69, 70
Distinguish between linear and exponential curves on a graph.
Multiple Choice: 67
MULTIPLE CHOICE
The word astronomy means
“patterns among the stars.”
“to study the stars.”
“discovering the universe.”
“the movement of the stars.”
“personality traits set by the stars.”
The number of planets in our Solar System is
six.
eight.
nine.
twelve.
According to the figure below, Earth is located approximately
at the center of the Milky Way.
near the center of the Milky Way.
about halfway out from the center of the Milky Way.
at the farthest outskirts of the Milky Way.
outside the Milky Way, which is why we can see it as a band across the night sky.
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. iii
The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 × 1011 m, and light from the Sun takes approximately _________ to reach Earth.
8 seconds
8 minutes
8 hours
8 days
8 years
Our universe is approximately 13.7 _________ years old.
thousand
million
billion
trillion
Milky Way is the name of
our solar system.
the galaxy in which we live.
the local group of galaxies we are in.
the supercluster of galaxies we are in.
One of the nearest stars is Alpha Centauri, whose distance is 4.4 light-years. The time it takes light to travel from Alpha Centauri to us is
1.25 seconds.
8.3 minutes.
4.4 years.
600 years.
The time it takes light to cross Neptune’s orbit is closest to which of the following?
a second
a quick meal
a night’s sleep
the time between presidential elections
A light-hour is a measure of
time.
distance.
speed.
acceleration.
If one thinks about the distance between Earth and the Moon, 384,400 km, approximately how much of that distance would Saturn and its rings take up?
much more than this distance
less than half this distance
more than half this distance
exactly equal to this distance
The diameter of the Moon is
larger than the distance across the continental United States.
roughly equal to the longest distance across Texas.
more than half the distance across the continental United States.
less than half the distance across the continental United States.
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. iv
The early universe was composed mainly of which two elements?
hydrogen and helium
carbon and oxygen
hydrogen and oxygen
carbon and iron
nitrogen and oxygen
What is the approximate number of stars in the Milky Way?
10 million
300 million
10 billion
300 billion
1 trillion
The Local Group is the environment around
the Earth-Moon system.
the Sun that contains about a dozen stars.
the Sun that contains over a million stars.
the Milky Way that contains a few dozen galaxies.
the Milky Way that contains a few thousand galaxies.
The majority of the mass in our universe is made up of
planets.
stars.
galaxies.
dust.
dark matter.
The speed of light is approximately
3,000 km/s.
30,000 km/s.
300,000 km/s.
3 million km/s.
3 billion km/s.
If an event were to take place on the Sun, how long would it take for the light it generates to reach us?
8 minutes
11 hours
1 second
1 day
It would reach us instantaneously.
One of the nearest stars is Alpha Centauri, whose distance is 4.2 × 1016 m. How long does it take light to travel from Alpha Centauri to us?
1.25 seconds
8.3 minutes
4.4 years
560 years
6,200 years
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ЀĀ ȀĀ⸀Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ 㘀 Ā Ȁ ⸀Ā ЀĀ ȀĀ⸀Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ The distance to the nearest large spiral galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, is 2.4 × 1022 m. How long does it take light to travel from Andromeda to us?
4.4 years
360 years
1.2 thousand years
2.5 million years
4.5 billion years
ЀĀ ȀĀ⸀Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ 㘀 Ā Ȁ ⸀Ā ЀĀ ȀĀ⸀Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ The distance to the center of the Laniakea cluster of galaxies is 5 × 1023 m. How long does it take light to travel from these galaxies to us?
7,000 years
54,000 years
120,000 years
12 million years
54 million years
ЀĀ ȀĀ⸀Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ 㘀 Ā Ȁ ⸀Ā ЀĀ ȀĀ⸀Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ A light-year is a unit commonly used in astronomy as a measure of
time.
speed.
mass.
distance.
acceleration.
ЀĀ ȀĀ⸀Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ 㘀 Ā Ȁ ⸀Ā ЀĀ ȀĀ⸀Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ According to the figure below, if you were to specify your address in the universe, listing your membership from the smallest to largest physical structures, it would be
Earth, Local Group, Solar System, Andromeda, the universe.
Earth, Solar System, Local Group, Milky Way, the universe.
Earth, Solar System, Milky Way, Local Group, Laniakea Supercluster, the universe.
Earth, Solar System, Milky Way, Laniakea Supercluster, the universe.
Earth, Laniakea Supercluster, Milky Way, Solar System, the universe.
ЀĀ ȀĀ⸀Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ 㘀 Ā Ȁ ⸀Ā ЀĀ ȀĀ⸀Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Which of the following is false?
The Local Group is a member of the Laniakea Supercluster, which contains thousands of galaxies.
The Local Group contains two large spiral galaxies and a few dozen dwarf galaxies.
Our Solar System has eight classical planets.
The Milky Way Galaxy contains approximately 100 million stars.
The Laniakea Supercluster is one of many superclusters in the universe.
ЀĀ ȀĀ⸀Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ 㘀 Ā Ȁ ⸀Ā ЀĀ ȀĀ⸀Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ If the diameter of the Milky Way is approximately 100,000 light-years, then our galaxy is
_________ times larger than our Solar System. For reference, Pluto’s orbit has an approximate diameter of 80 astronomical units (AU).
100
1,000
10,000
106
108
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The majority of the energy in our universe is
radiated by stars from the nuclear fusion going on in their cores.
the kinetic energy found in the collisions of galaxies.
the gravitational potential energy of superclusters.
emitted in radioactive decays of unstable elements.
made up of dark energy that permeates space.
After the Sun, the next nearest star to us is approximately _________ away.
8 light-seconds
80 light-minutes
40 light-hours
4 light-years
200 light-years
The figure below measures distances in the amount of time it takes light to travel. If the circumference of Earth is a snap of your fingers (1/7 second), the diameter of the Solar System is approximately equal to
the length of a quick lunch.
the time to turn a page in a book.
the length of the work day.
the time you spent in high school.
a human lifetime.
If you compared the diameter of Earth, which is 13,000 km, to 1 second, then what unit of time would be equivalent to the size of the Milky Way, whose diameter is 1021 m, and what significant milestone would this time correspond to in our evolution?
2 million years, the length of time humans have existed on Earth
30,000 years, the length of time humans have lived in North America
400 years, the length of time humans have been exploring the skies with telescopes
4 billion years, the age of the Solar System
14 billion years, the age of the universe
_________ is the idea that the simplest explanation for a phenomenon is usually the correct one.
Newton’s hypothesis
Occam’s razor
Aristotle’s test
Einstein’s excuse
The Copernican principle
A scientific theory can be shown to be wrong if
cultural beliefs evolve to contradict it.
scientists gather new data that contradict its predictions.
it cannot explain all phenomena.
it was first proposed as a conjecture.
a majority of people do not accept it.
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Albert Einstein is best known for his revolutionary theory of
relativity.
quantum mechanics.
astronomy.
electricity.
mathematics.
In science an idea that cannot be tested is
a hypothesis.
not a scientific idea.
a theory.
a principle.
A theory is
tied to known physical laws.
able to make testable predictions.
a hypothesis that has withstood many attempts to falsify it.
all of the above
A hypothesis is an idea that is
falsifiable with current technology only.
potentially falsifiable with future technology.
not falsifiable.
both a and b
A hypothesis may become a theory
after many repeated attempts to falsify it fail.
if a majority of scientists agree on its propositions.
after it has been logically proved.
if it makes at least one verifiable prediction.
A theoretical model is
a made-up explanation.
a detailed description in terms of known physical laws or theories.
a testable assumption.
a scientific law.
A scientific principle is
a scientific law.
a detailed description in terms of known physical laws or theories.
a general idea or sense about the universe.
a testable statement.
In the scientific method, if an observation does not support the hypothesis, what possible actions should happen next?
Make additional predictions.
Make more observations.
Choose a new hypothesis or revise the current one.
Both b and c
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Which of the following is false?
A scientific theory is an undisputed fact.
If continual testing of a hypothesis shows it to be valid, it may become an accepted theory.
A hypothesis must always have one or more testable predictions.
A scientific theory may eventually be proven wrong when scientists acquire new data.
Scientific observations are used to test a hypothesis.
The scientific method is a process by which scientists
prove theories to be known facts.
gain confidence in theories by failing to prove them wrong.
show all theories to be wrong.
test the ideas of Aristotle.
survey what the majority of people think about a theory.
A _________ becomes a _________ when repeated testing of its predictions does not disprove it.
hypothesis; scientific method
theory; scientific revolution
phenomenon; theory
hypothesis; theory
law; theory
The cosmological principle states that
the universe is expanding in all directions at the same rate.
a unique center of the universe exists.
the universe looks the same everywhere and in all directions as long as you look on large enough spatial scales.
physical laws change from place to place in the universe.
the universe is in a “steady state.”
Because of _____________, we can conclude that gravity works the same way on Earth as it does on Mars.
Newton’s theory of relativity
Einstein’s special theory of relativity
Sagan’s planetary principle
the cosmological principle
the hypothetical statute
If you have a stuffy nose, a fever, chills, and body aches and a doctor treats you for the flu rather than four separate diseases that account for each of your symptoms, this is an application of
Newton’s hypothesis
Occam’s razor
Aristotle’s test
Einstein’s relativity
Copernican principle
One of the central assumptions in astronomy is that the physical laws of nature
change when objects move at high speed.
change throughout the age of the universe.
depend on the mass of the objects involved.
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. ix
are the same everywhere in the universe.
The statement “our universe is but one of a multitude of isolated universes” is best characterized as a
speculative but unscientific idea because it is not testable and therefore not falsifiable.
scientific fact.
physical law.
hypothesis that is currently being tested.
The language of science is
Greek
mathematics
calculus
Java
Latin
When you see a pattern in nature, it is usually evidence of
a theory being displayed.
quantum mechanics in action.
a breakdown of random clustering.
an underlying physical law.
A decrease in entropy.
Scientific notation is used in astronomy primarily because it allows us to
write very large and very small numbers in a convenient way.
talk about science in an easy way.
change easy calculations into hard calculations.
change hard calculations into easy calculations.
explain science to engineers.
Which is an important element in the composition of your body that was produced by nuclear fusion inside a star or an explosion of a star?
iron
calcium
oxygen
carbon
all of the above
The figure below shows the night sky as it appears for an observer in the United States at the same time of the night but at four different seasons of the year. Which conclusion below is not reasonable based on these observations?
Constellations do not change their location relative to one another, but which constellations appear in the night sky does change from season to season.
There are some constellations such as Ursa Minor, Ursa Major, Cassiopeia, and Cephus that are always seen in the night sky.
Some constellations such as Capricornus and Sagittarius are only visible during summer and fall.
A good time to harvest crops would be when the constellation Pegasus is directly overhead.
A good time to plant crops would be when the constellation Sagittarius is directly overhead.
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Which presently observed element or isotope was not produced in appreciable amounts in the very early universe shortly after the Big Bang?
hydrogen
helium-4
deuterium
carbon
helium-3
The study of whether or not life exists elsewhere in the Solar System and beyond is called
origins.
biochemistry.
cosmology.
astrobiology.
exoplanetology.
The most massive elements such as those that make up terrestrial planets like Earth were formed
in the early universe.
inside stars and supernovae.
through meteor collisions.
in the core of Earth.
during the formation of the Solar System.
The number 123,000 written in scientific notation is
1.23 × 106
1.23 × 105
1.23 × 103
1.23 × 10–6
1.23 × 103
If the radius of circle B is twice the radius of circle A, and the area of a circle is proportional to the radius squared (A ∝ r2), then the ratio of the area of circle B to that of circle A is
4.
0.5.
0.25.
2.
1.414.
(6 × 105) × (3 × 10–2) =
1.8 × 103
1.8 × 104
1.8 × 106
1.8 × 108
1.8 × 10-3
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QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
(1.2 × 109 ) ÷ (4 × 10–3) =
3 × 106
3 × 105
3 × 1010
3 × 1011
3 × 1012
If the radius of circle B is 5 times the radius of circle A, then the ratio of the area of circle B to that of circle A is
25.
5.
0.2.
0.04.
0.025.
If the radius of sphere B is 5 times the radius of sphere A, then the ratio of the volume of sphere B to the volume of sphere A is
0.008.
0.2.
5.
25.
125.
61. The area of a circle is related to its diameter by the formula solve for D, we find that
a. .
Quic k Tim e™ and a
decompressor . Using algebra to
are needed to see this pictur
QuickTime™ and a b. decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a c. decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a d. decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
.
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.
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62. The volume of a sphere is related to its radius by the formula solve for R, we get
a. .
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decompressor . Using algebra to
are needed to see this picture.
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b. decompressor . are needed to see this picture.
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xii
QuickTime™ and a
d. decompressor . are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
e. decompressor . are needed to see this picture.
If the speed of light is 3 × 105 km/s and 1 km = 0.62 mile, what is the speed of light in miles per hour (mph)?
670 million mph
670 thousand mph
186 mph
186 thousand mph
3.2 billion mph
The orbital period of Mercury is 88 days. What is its orbital period in units of seconds?
76000 seconds
7.6 million seconds
7.6 billion seconds
760 billion seconds
76 million seconds
At a time step of 10 shown in the figure below, how many viruses are there?
500
1000
1500
2000
Approximately how many viruses are at time step 5 in the figure below?
10
30
50
90
100
Which graph (a), (b), or (c) in the figures below is a plot of an exponential behavior?
figure (a)
figure (b)
figure (c)
both a and c
both b and c
The number 1.5 x 104 is:
0.00015
0.0015
1500
15000
150000
What are the units of the vertical axis?
km
hour
km/hour
hour/km
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70. What is the slope of line?
1 km/hour
1 hour/km
10 km/hour
10 hour/km
SHORT ANSWER
What is the only thing that makes the Sun an exceptional star?
Why might the universe be described as a sort of “time machine”?
.
What is the Local Group?
Describe how talking about time can give us a feeling for distance.
Suppose you were writing to a pen pal in another universe. What address would you put on the envelope that included all the major structures in which we reside? (Hint: Your cosmic address should begin with “Earth” and end with “the universe.”)
What would you say to someone who said, “It would take light-years to get to the Andromeda Galaxy”?
If you compare the diameter of Earth to 1 minute of time, then what interval of time would represent the diameter of the Solar System? Assume the diameter of the Solar System is approximately 80 AU.
Using the method of comparing times to get a handle on the large distances in astronomy, compare the size of Earth to the size of the visible universe. Start by making the size of Earth comparable to a snap of your fingers, which lasts about 1/7 second. Show your computation.
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Using the method of comparing distances to time intervals to get a handle on the large distances in astronomy, compare the diameter of our Solar System, which is 6 × 1012, to the
diameter of the galaxy, which is 1.2 × 1021, by calculating the time it would take for light to travel these diameters. For reference, the speed of light is 3 × 108 m/s.
What implication does the finite speed of light have on what we observe in the universe?
Describe the two main aspects of the cosmological principle.
What makes an idea a hypothesis?
Why is the statement “The Big Bang was caused by a collision between other universes” not scientific?
An observation does not support your hypothesis. What do you do next?
Before 2014 the supercluster we resided in was called the Virgo Supercluster. Based on a new way of classifying superclusters we are now a member of the Laniakea Supercluster. What is this change an example of?
What accounts for 95 percent of the mass of the universe?
What is a theoretical model?
In pre-Renaissance times, it was believed that celestial objects were made of a different substance than Earth and obeyed different rules. Which modern scientific principle is a better description of the universe?
Why does a theory that continues to be supported by the results of experimental tests need further tests?
Describe the main steps involved in the scientific method.
What two pre-Renaissance beliefs are contradicted by the cosmological principle?
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xv
.
Describe two ways in which Einstein’s new theories changed commonly accepted scientific views of his time.
How would you respond to someone who stated that “Evolution is not proven; it is just a theory”?
There are many different areas of science, but a common factor in each is the evaluation and analysis of patterns. What patterns does astronomy deal with? (Describe it in general and give at least one concrete example.)
An observed pattern in nature is usually a sign of some underlying physical reason. Give an example of this in astronomy, citing the pattern and the reason behind it.
It is often said that “mathematics is the language of science.” Explain why this is true.
If the elements that make up Earth and our bodies were not present in the early universe, where did they come from?
What is the field of science that relates to the study of origin of life?
Describe briefly why the phrase “we are stardust” is literally true.
Life as we know it requires the heavy elements made in stars. Could life as we know it have existed when the first stars in the universe formed?
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We understand each student has different requirement and we tend to treat each student according to his/her satisfaction.
We will provide original assignments, plagiarism free and to custom requirement.
We will always meet deadlines.
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