TEST BANK 21ST CENTURY
ASTRONOMY THE SOLAR SYSTEM 5TH EDITION BY KAY
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Chapter 9: Atmospheres
of the Terrestrial Planets
Learning
Objectives
9.1 Atmospheres Change over Time
Explain why planets naturally lose their atmosphere.
Multiple Choice: 2, 3, 5
Short Answer: Describe the origin of terrestrial planets’
secondary atmospheres.
Multiple Choice: 1, 9, 10
Short Answer: Establish why some terrestrial planets do not
have secondary atmospheres today.
Multiple Choice: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11
9.2 Secondary Atmospheres Evolve
Illustrate why planetary mass affects a planet’s ability to
retain its atmosphere.
Multiple Choice: 12
Describe the atmospheric greenhouse effect.
Multiple Choice: 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24
Short Answer: Illustrate how greenhouse gases cause the
greenhouse effect.
Multiple Choice: 14, 19, 20, 25, 26, 29
Short Answer: 9
Compare and contrast the causes for the terrestrial planets
to have their current atmospheres.
Multiple Choice: 13, 15, 16, 27, 28
Short Answer: 6, 8
9.3 Earth’s Atmosphere Has Detailed
Structure
Explain how Earth developed an oxygen-rich atmosphere.
Multiple Choice: 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41,
58
Short Answer: 14
Differentiate the temperature, density, and composition of
the different layers of our atmosphere.
Multiple Choice: 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 55
Short Answer: 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
Illustrate how our magnetosphere causes auroras.
Multiple Choice: 39, 52
Relate a planet’s rate of rotation to its wind patterns.
Multiple Choice: 44, 49, 53, 54, 56
Short Answer: 20
9.4 The Atmospheres of Venus and Mars
Differ from Earth’s
Describe the atmospheric characteristics of Venus and Mars.
Multiple Choice: 59, 62, 63, 67, 69, 70
Characterize the causes for the atmospheric characteristics
of Venus and Mars.
Multiple Choice: 57, 60, 61, 64, 65
Short Answer: 21, 23, 24, 25
9.5 Greenhouse Gases Affect Global
Climates
Compare and contrast weather and climate.
Short Answer: 26
Explain the different factors that cause climate change on a
planet.
Multiple Choice: 66
Short Answer: 22, 27, 29, 30
Summarize the evidence that human activity is causing global climate
change.
Multiple Choice: 68
Short Answer: 28
Working It Out 9.1
Assess whether a planet will hold onto its atmosphere based
on its escape speed at atmospheric temperature.
Compute the average molecular speed of atmospheric gas.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
The major chemical
component of the air we breathe today was deposited on Earth primarily via
a.
volcanic eruptions.
b.
cometary impacts.
c.
asteroid impacts.
d.
chemical reactions in
Earth’s oceans.
2.
What is the reason
Mercury has so little gas in its atmosphere?
a.
Its mass is small.
b.
It has a high
temperature.
c.
It is close to the Sun.
d.
Its escape velocity is
low.
e.
all of the above
3.
Why did the terrestrial
planets lose the majority of the gas in their primary atmospheres?
a.
They were too hot and
their escape velocities too low to hold onto them.
b.
The solar wind was too
strong and blew these gases off the planets.
c.
Their high surface
temperatures made the gas chemically react with the rock.
d.
The initial gases were
so heavy when the planet differentiated that they sank to the core.
4.
Would a nitrogen atom
in Venus’s atmosphere, whose temperature is 740 K, eventually escape into outer
space? Note that a nitrogen atom has a mass that is 14 times that of a hydrogen
atom. Recall that atoms eventually will escape if their average velocity is
greater than 1/6 times the escape velocity of the planet. The escape velocity
of Venus is 10 km/s. For comparison, a hydrogen atom has an average velocity of
2.5 km/s at a temperature of 300 K.
a.
The average velocity of
nitrogen atoms is 0.4 km/s, and nitrogen does not escape.
b.
The average velocity of
nitrogen atoms is 1.0 km/s, and nitrogen does not escape.
c.
The average velocity of
nitrogen atoms is 1.0 km/s, and nitrogen escapes.
d.
The average velocity of
nitrogen atoms is 4.5 km/s, and nitrogen does not escape.
e.
The average velocity of
nitrogen atoms is 4.5 km/s, and nitrogen escapes.
5.
Would water molecules
in Venus’s atmosphere, whose temperature is 740 K, eventually escape into outer
space? Note that a water molecule has a mass that is 18 times that of a hydrogen
atom. The escape velocity of Venus is 10 km/s. For comparison, a hydrogen atom
has an average velocity of 2.5 km/s at a temperature of 300 K.
a.
No, the average
velocity of water molecules is 0.9 km/s.
b.
Yes, the average
velocity of water molecules is 0.9 km/s.
c.
Yes, the average
velocity of water molecules is 2.1 km/s.
d.
No, the average
velocity of water molecules is 2.1 km/s.
e.
Yes, the average
velocity of water molecules is 19 km/s.
6.
If sunlight broke up
water molecules in Venus’s atmosphere, would the hydrogen atoms escape into
outer space? Note that Venus’s temperature is 740 K. Recall that gas eventually
will escape if the average velocity of its atoms is greater than 1/6 times the
escape velocity of the planet. The escape velocity of Venus is 10 km/s.
a.
No, the average
velocity of hydrogen atoms would be 0.8 km/s.
b.
No, the average
velocity of hydrogen atoms would be 3.9 km/s.
c.
Yes, the average
velocity of hydrogen atoms would be 3.9 km/s.
d.
Yes, the average
velocity of hydrogen atoms would be 25 km/s.
e.
No, the average
velocity of hydrogen atoms would be 25 km/s.
7.
If an average hydrogen
atom in Earth’s atmosphere has a velocity of 2.5 km/s, what would be the
average velocity of an oxygen molecule in Earth’s atmosphere? Note that the
atomic mass of an oxygen atom is 16 times that of a hydrogen atom.
a.
0.16 km/s
b.
2.5 km/s
c.
0.62 km/s
d.
0.44 km/s
e.
0.25 km/s
8.
A gas eventually will
escape from a planet’s atmosphere if the average velocity of the atoms exceeds
1/6 times the escape velocity of the planet. If the average velocity of water
vapor in Venus’s atmosphere is 0.9 km/s, would it eventually escape into outer
space? Note that Venus’s mass is 5 × 1024
kg, and its radius is 6,050 km.
a.
Water vapor would
escape because 1/6 times the escape velocity is 0.51 km/s.
b.
Water vapor would not
escape because 1/6 times the escape velocity is 1.7 km/s.
c.
Water vapor would
escape because 1/6 times the escape velocity is 0.42 km/s.
d.
Water vapor would not
escape because 1/6 times the escape velocity is 2.6 km/s.
e.
Water vapor would escape
because 1/6 times the escape velocity is 1.3 km/s.
9.
Which of the following
processes did not contribute gas to Earth’s secondary atmosphere?
a.
volcanism
b.
accretion
c.
oxidation
d.
comet impacts
e.
All of the above
contributed gases to Earth’s secondary atmosphere.
10.
The nitrogen in Earth’s
atmosphere primarily came from
a.
ammonia delivered by
comet impacts.
b.
photosynthesis done by
algae and plants.
c.
oxidation of
silicate-rich minerals.
d.
rock delivered by
asteroid impacts.
e.
its primary atmosphere.
11.
Based solely on mass
and distance from the Sun, which of the following terrestrial planets would you
expect to retain the densest secondary atmosphere?
a.
Mercury
b.
Venus
c.
Mars
d.
the Moon
e.
Earth
12.
Which molecule moves
with the fastest average speed while being bound in Earth’s atmosphere in
thermal equilibrium?
a.
Water, H2O
(atomic mass = 18)
b.
Carbon dioxide, CO2
(atomic mass = 44)
c.
Nitrogen (atomic mass = 28)
d.
Oxygen (atomic mass = 32)
e.
Hydrogen, H2
(atomic mass = 2)
13.
Earth has roughly
_________ times more atmospheric pressure than Mars and _________ times less
than Venus.
a.
10; 10
b.
200; 100
c.
2,000; 2
d.
2; 10
e.
1,000; 200
14.
If the carbon dioxide
in Earth’s rocks were suddenly released into its atmosphere, what would happen?
a.
It would rapidly escape
into space.
b.
It would dissociate
into carbon and oxygen.
c.
It would collect as ice
on the north and south poles.
d.
It would cause a
runaway greenhouse effect.
15.
The presence of gases
such as carbon dioxide and water vapor in a planet’s atmosphere is direct
evidence of _________ in a planet’s history.
a.
high surface temperatures
b.
volcanic activity
c.
cometary impacts
d.
a lack of asteroid
impacts
e.
the greenhouse effect
16.
The terrestrial
planets, ranked in order of decreasing atmospheric density, are
a.
Venus, Earth, Mars,
Mercury
b.
Venus, Mars, Earth,
Mercury
c.
Mercury, Mars, Earth,
Venus
d.
Mars, Venus, Mercury,
Earth
17.
The main greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets are
a.
oxygen and nitrogen.
b.
methane and ozone.
c.
carbon dioxide and
water vapor.
d.
hydrogen and helium.
e.
methane and ammonia.
18.
Earth releases the
energy it receives from the Sun by emitting _________ radiation.
a.
infrared
b.
visible
c.
ultraviolet (UV)
d.
radio
e.
microwave
19.
In the absence of a
greenhouse effect, what would happen to Earth’s oceans?
a.
They would evaporate.
b.
They would freeze over.
c.
They would be rapidly
absorbed into the surface rocks.
d.
They would dissociate
into ozone and hydrogen.
20.
What makes carbon
dioxide a highly effective greenhouse gas?
a.
It easily absorbs UV
radiation.
b.
It easily absorbs
visible light.
c.
It easily absorbs
infrared radiation.
d.
It easily reacts
chemically with rock.
e.
It easily
photodissociates in the upper atmosphere.
21.
The greenhouse effect
raises Earth’s surface temperature by roughly
a.
0 K.
b.
0.35 K.
c.
3.5 K.
d.
35 K.
e.
350 K.
22.
The greenhouse effect
is the
a.
trapping of infrared
radiation by the atmosphere.
b.
accentuated growth of
plants near the equator, compared to other regions.
c.
capturing of visible
and UV radiation from the Sun the atmosphere.
d.
shielding of life-forms
from solar UV radiation by the ozone layer.
23.
If it were not for the
greenhouse effect on Earth,
a.
there would be no
liquid water on Earth.
b.
life as we know it
would not have developed on Earth.
c.
it would be a much
colder planet.
d.
there would be no
oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere.
e.
All of the above are
results of the greenhouse effect.
24.
If water vapor were
released from Venus’s surface because of tectonic activity into its upper
atmosphere, what would most likely happen to it?
a.
The water vapor would
relieve the greenhouse effect and decrease Venus’s surface temperature.
b.
Water droplets would
condense into rain and form lakes on Venus’s surface.
c.
The water vapor would
chemically react with carbon dioxide and form acid rain.
d.
UV light would break
apart the water molecules, and the hydrogen would be lost into space.
e.
It would rise into the
atmosphere and form hurricane-like storms.
25.
When learning about
light, we predicted that Venus should have a temperature of 250 K based on its
albedo and distance from the Sun. Why is Venus’s observed average surface
temperature equal to 740 K, which is hot enough to melt lead?
a.
Venus has slow, retrograde
rotation, and its seasons are very long.
b.
Venus has many active
volcanoes that release heat into its atmosphere.
c.
Venus has a very thin
atmosphere, and more sunlight falls onto its surface.
d.
Venus has a strong
greenhouse effect.
e.
Venus has a highly
eccentric orbit and is sometimes much closer to the Sun than other times.
26.
In the absence of the
greenhouse effect, the water on the surface of Earth would
a.
escape into outer
space.
b.
remain in liquid form.
c.
vaporize and form
clouds in the atmosphere.
d.
freeze.
e.
be absorbed into rocks.
27.
By examining the
following three images, what can you conclude?
a.
Venus is covered with
clouds.
b.
Earth has a large
amount of liquid water.
c.
Some form of ice does
exist on Mars, but it does not have large amounts of liquid water.
d.
The planets in order
from the least to most dense atmospheres are Venus, Earth, and Mars.
e.
all of the above
28.
Like Mars and Venus,
Earth originally had a significant amount of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere.
Where is the majority of the carbon now?
a.
It has escaped into outer
space.
b.
It is bound up in the
plant life on Earth.
c.
It is bound up in
rocks.
d.
It is dissolved into
the oceans.
e.
It is still in the
atmosphere in the form of complex molecules.
29.
Venus and Earth
probably formed with similar amounts of carbon dioxide in their secondary
atmospheres. Which of the following is true?
a.
The majority of Earth’s
carbon dioxide escaped into space because of its hotter temperature, whereas
Venus’s carbon dioxide remains gravitationally bound to Venus.
b.
The majority of Earth’s
carbon is now bound up in rock, whereas Venus’s remains in its atmosphere.
c.
Earth lost more of its
secondary atmosphere because it was bombarded by more planetesimals than Venus.
d.
The majority of Earth’s
carbon was absorbed by plants during photosynthesis.
e.
Earth and Venus still
have equal amounts of carbon dioxide in their atmospheres.
30.
The major difference in
the composition of Earth’s atmosphere compared to the atmospheres of Venus and
Mars is a direct consequence of
a.
life on Earth.
b.
Earth’s plate
tectonics.
c.
differences in the
greenhouse effect.
d.
the presence of liquid
water.
e.
differing distances
from the Sun.
31.
According to the
following figure, about how long ago did oxygen reach its current abundance in
Earth’s atmosphere?
a.
3 billion years ago
b.
1 billion years ago
c.
0.5 billion years ago
d.
0.25 billion years ago
e.
0.1 billion years ago
32.
How does the fraction
of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere today compare to what it was 3 billion years
ago?
a.
It has significantly
declined.
b.
It has significantly
increased.
c.
It kept increasing up
to 2 billion years ago but has been declining ever since.
d.
It hasn’t changed.
33.
The best way to use a
telescope to look for life on other planets is to
a.
search for absorption
from nitrogen in their atmospheres.
b.
search for absorption
from oxygen in their atmospheres.
c.
search for emission
lines from water vapor in their atmospheres.
d.
search for carbon
dioxide on their moons.
34.
_________ in our
atmosphere is a direct consequence of the emergence of life.
a.
Carbon dioxide
b.
Water vapor
c.
Nitrogen
d.
Oxygen
e.
Helium
35.
If photosynthesis were
to disappear on Earth,
a.
the atmosphere would
become less dense.
b.
oxygen would disappear
from the atmosphere.
c.
the atmosphere would
become hotter.
d.
nitrogen would
disappear from the atmosphere.
e.
the amount of water
vapor in the atmosphere would decrease.
36.
By approximately
_________ years ago, _________ had produced oxygen in enough amounts to be a
significant fraction in Earth’s atmosphere.
a.
100 million; trees and
plants
b.
1 billion; trees and
plants
c.
250 million; bacteria
and algae
d.
2.5 billion; bacteria
and algae
e.
2,000; animals and
humans
37.
Approximately how long
after the Solar System formed did it take for oxygen to get to within 80
percent of its present abundance in Earth’s atmosphere?
a.
4 billion years
b.
1 billion years
c.
400 million years
d.
1 million years
e.
Oxygen was always a
primary component of Earth’s atmosphere.
38.
For the first 1 billion
years of Earth’s evolution, the fraction of oxygen in its atmosphere was
approximately
a.
zero.
b.
half of what it is
today.
c.
2 times what it is
today.
d.
10 times what it is
today.
e.
the same as it is
today.
39.
Why are auroras
produced only near the northern and southern magnetic poles of a planet?
a.
Those are the locations
where the atmosphere is thinner, letting particles penetrate.
b.
The poles are pointing
toward the Sun, so they receive more solar wind particles.
c.
The oxygen atoms
responsible for auroral emission only exist near the poles.
d.
Charged particles are
forced to flow along Earth’s magnetic field lines, which come out of Earth’s
poles.
40.
According to the figure
below, approximately how many years ago did oxygen finally get to half its
current abundance in Earth’s atmosphere?
a.
3 billion years ago
b.
1 billion years ago
c.
0.6 billion years ago
d.
0.25 billion years ago
e.
0.1 billion years ago
41.
If you found absorption
from _________ in the spectrum of a planet, you could conclude that it might
contain some form of life.
a.
oxygen
b.
methane
c.
water vapor
d.
oxygen, methane, or
water vapor
42.
Without the ozone
layer, life on Earth would be in danger from increased levels of _________
radiation.
a.
UV
b.
X-ray
c.
gamma ray
d.
infrared
e.
microwave
43.
According to the
following figure, the different layers of Earth’s atmosphere are defined by
a.
how the temperature
varies with altitude.
b.
how the pressure varies
with altitude.
c.
how the density varies
with altitude.
d.
different temperature
ranges.
e.
different pressure
ranges.
44.
The planet-wide flow of
air from Earth’s equator to the colder poles is called Hadley circulation. An
example of this effect is also seen
a.
on Mars
b.
on Mercury
c.
on Venus
d.
nowhere else in the
solar system
45.
According to the way
the layers of Earth’s atmosphere are defined in the following figures, the
atmosphere of Venus has only _________ distinct layer(s).
a.
one
b.
two
c.
three
d.
four
e.
five
46.
All weather and wind on
Earth are a result of convection in the
a.
troposphere.
b.
stratosphere.
c.
mesosphere.
d.
ionosphere.
e.
thermosphere.
47.
According to the
following figure, as you increase in altitude in Earth’s lower atmosphere, the
atmospheric pressure ________ dramatically at a(n) _________ rate.
a.
increases; increasing
b.
increases; decreasing
c.
decreases; decreasing
d.
decreases; increasing
e.
decreases; constant
48.
The only two layers of
Earth’s atmosphere that have temperature gradients that allow convection to
take place are
a.
the troposphere and the
thermosphere.
b.
the mesosphere and the
stratosphere.
c.
the thermosphere and
the stratosphere.
d.
the troposphere and the
mesosphere.
e.
the troposphere and the
stratosphere.
49.
Winds are generated on
Earth primarily because of
a.
strong updrafts from
the equator and air sinking near the poles.
b.
uneven heating of the
surface and rotation of the planet.
c.
water condensation onto
mountains.
d.
hot air rising and cool
air sinking.
50.
Heating from _________
causes the top of Earth’s stratosphere to be warmer than the bottom.
a.
higher-energy particles
in the solar wind
b.
convection
c.
the ozone layer
absorbing UV light
d.
charged particles
trapped by magnetic fields
e.
the greenhouse effect
51.
The shape of Earth’s
magnetosphere is modified by
a.
the Moon’s tidal force.
b.
the solar wind.
c.
Earth’s own gravity.
d.
asymmetries in the
shape of Earth’s core.
e.
Earth’s elliptical
orbit.
52.
Auroras are caused by
a.
gases fluorescing in
the atmosphere because of collisions with solar wind particles.
b.
the magnetosphere of
Earth touching its atmosphere.
c.
the ozone layer being
destroyed by UV light.
d.
a product of the
atmospheric greenhouse effect.
e.
scattering of sunlight
from particles in Earth’s stratosphere.
53.
In the Southern
Hemisphere, hurricanes _________ compared to hurricanes in the Northern
Hemisphere because of the Coriolis effect.
a.
rotate in the same
direction
b.
rotate in the opposite
direction
c.
move from east to west
d.
have larger wind speeds
e.
cause more damage
54.
What is the main reason
Hadley circulation in a planet’s atmosphere breaks up into zonal winds?
a.
convection driven by
solar heating
b.
heating from the solar
wind
c.
hurricanes developing
along the planet’s equator
d.
a planet’s rapid
rotation
e.
heating from the
greenhouse effect
55.
Runaway convection in
Earth’s atmosphere can lead to
a.
snow.
b.
destruction of ozone.
c.
auroras.
d.
acid rain.
e.
violent storms.
56.
Hurricanes are powered
by
a.
Hadley circulation.
b.
the Coriolis effect.
c.
the heat of vaporization
of water.
d.
electrical conductivity
of water.
e.
the greenhouse effect.
57.
Given the thickness and
chemical composition of Venus’s atmosphere, by how much would you expect its
average surface temperature to change between day and night?
a.
There should be almost
no change in temperature.
b.
by tens of K (like
Earth)
c.
by hundreds of K (like
Mercury)
d.
The answer depends on
where Venus is in its orbit around the Sun.
58.
Earth’s sky is blue
because
a.
blue light from the sun
is more readily scattered by molecules in the atmosphere than red light.
b.
of reflected light from
the oceans.
c.
red light from the sun
is more readily scattered by molecules in the atmosphere than blue light.
d.
molecules that make up
Earth’s atmosphere radiate preferentially at blue wavelengths.
e.
the Sun radiates more
blue light than other wavelengths.
59.
Which of the following
is not a consequence of the high thickness and peculiar composition of
Venus’s atmosphere?
a.
We cannot see down to
its surface in visible light.
b.
Its surface is very
smooth.
c.
Venus looks highly reflective.
d.
The surface pressure is
100 times higher than on Earth’s surface.
60.
Venus rotates so
rapidly that the dominant form of atmospheric circulation is powered by
a.
winds moving from its
equator to its poles.
b.
heated air escaping
from its volcanoes moving along the equator.
c.
winds moving from its
poles to its equator.
d.
heated air escaping
from active tectonic plates.
61.
The absence of oxygen
on Mars means that it has very little
a.
carbon dioxide.
b.
methane.
c.
ozone.
d.
helium.
62.
When the Martian
springtime arrives and the daytime temperature reaches 20°C, what occurs?
a.
Water melts and forms
large pools of liquid.
b.
The polar ice caps
disappear.
c.
Large planet-wide dust
storms.
d.
The entire planet
changes color.
63.
The exospheres of the
Moon and Mercury differ from the atmospheres of Venus, Earth and Mars in that
a.
they are made of a very
thin layer of carbon dioxide.
b.
they are made of a
thick layer of water vapor.
c.
they extend much
farther from the rocky surface.
d.
they are made of a thin
layer of light atoms such as helium, sodium, and argon.
64.
Venus has an unusual
rotation rate because
a.
it is very slow.
b.
it is very slow and
retrograde.
c.
its obliquity is 90
degrees.
d.
it is very fast.
e.
it is very fast and
retrograde.
65.
Venus’s surface
temperature is fairly uniform from the equator to the poles because
a.
Venus rotates very
rapidly, which causes strong zonal winds.
b.
Venus is covered by a
thick cloud layer that absorbs most of the sunlight that falls on it.
c.
the carbon dioxide in
Venus’s atmosphere efficiently emits infrared radiation.
d.
Venus rotates slowly so
Coriolis forces do not disrupt Hadley circulation.
e.
Venus’s orbit is nearly
perfectly circular.
66.
Each halogen atom, such
as chlorine, fluorine, and bromine, in Earth’s atmosphere contributes to
a.
the production of
carbon dioxide.
b.
the production of acid
rain.
c.
the destruction of
ozone over decades and centuries.
d.
the destruction of
water in the upper atmosphere.
67.
Humans cannot survive
on the surface of Mars for long periods of time because
a.
there is not enough
oxygen in the atmosphere.
b.
the range in
temperature between day and night is too large.
c.
the flux of UV
radiation reaching the surface is too high.
d.
the atmospheric
pressure would be too low.
e.
all of the above
68.
The amount of carbon
dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has been increasing over the last 50 years
because of
a.
global warming.
b.
the growth of the ozone
hole.
c.
the burning of fossil
fuels.
d.
increased energy output
from the Sun.
e.
increased magnetic
activity in the Sun.
69.
When frozen water on
the surface of Mars heats up during summer time, the water
a.
melts and forms liquid
pools on the surface.
b.
boils off the surface
and escapes into outer space.
c.
sublimates and goes
directly into the gaseous phase.
d.
remains frozen because
the temperature remains below the freezing point.
e.
melts and creates
flowing rivers that erode the landscape.
70.
Global temperature
variations on Earth driven by the Milankovitch cycle differ from those driven
by the anthropogenic greenhouse effect in that
a.
they are very small in
magnitude, less than 1°C.
b.
they occur at irregular
time intervals.
c.
they are driven by
volcanic activity.
d.
they occur over much
longer time scales (thousands of years).
e.
they are driven by
emissions of methane gas rather than carbon dioxide.
SHORT ANSWER
1.
The primary atmospheres
of the terrestrial planets formed from hydrogen and helium. Why? What happened
to this gas?
2.
A gas eventually will
escape from a planet’s atmosphere if the average velocity of its atoms exceeds
1/6 times the escape velocity of the planet. If the average velocity of water
vapor in Venus’s atmosphere is 0.5 km/s, what would be the average velocity of
a single hydrogen atom? If Venus’s escape velocity is 11 km/s, will hydrogen
atoms eventually escape?
3.
Most of Earth’s
present-day atmosphere comes from a combination of what three sources?
4.
If the average CO2
molecule in Venus’s atmosphere has a velocity of 0.6 km/s, what would be the
velocity for a hydrogen atom in Venus’s atmosphere? Note the mass of a CO2
molecule is 44 times that of a hydrogen atom.
5.
What is the origin of
Earth’s water?
6.
List the three planets
shown in the following images in order of decreasing surface temperature, and
cite evidence that can be seen in the images that supports your choice.
7.
What is the greenhouse
effect?
8.
Where is most of
Earth’s supply of carbon dioxide today?
9.
Describe how the closer
location of Venus to the Sun compared to Earth led to the runaway greenhouse
effect observed on Venus today.
10.
Earth’s atmosphere is a
(seemingly) enormous blanket roughly 250 km thick. What percentage of Earth’s
radius, which is 6,400 km, does this represent? How does it compare to the
average depth of the oceans, which is 3 km?
11.
If there is 1E4 kg of
air above every square meter of the surface of Earth, and Earth is modeled as a
sphere of radius 6.4 × 106 m, what is the mass of Earth’s atmosphere, and what
fraction is it of the total mass of Earth? Show your calculation.
12.
Suppose you go out
hiking in the snow on a mountaintop on a cold winter day when the temperature
outside is 0°C = 273 K and the pressure is 0.75 bar. If you brought along a
package of potato chips that was sealed at sea level when the temperature was
24°C = 297 K, what would have happened to the volume of the bag of
chips? By how much will the volume have changed?
13.
You take a sealed
plastic bag of snacks onto an airline flight where the atmospheric pressure is
reduced to 0.8 bar, but the cabin is heated so that the temperature is
approximately the same as when you sealed the bag. What will happen to the
volume of the bag? By how much will it have changed?
14.
According to the
following figure, about how long ago did oxygen first appear in Earth’s
atmosphere? About how long ago did oxygen reach 50 percent of its current
abundance in Earth’s atmosphere?
15.
Describe the
process(es) responsible for producing rain.
16.
Over the last century,
why has the ozone hole over Earth grown larger? How long might it take to
revert to its former state?
17.
Give two reasons why
the atmosphere of Earth is warmer near the surface than at higher elevations.
18.
Why does the
temperature decrease as you go higher up in altitude in the troposphere on
Earth?
19.
In the stratosphere of
Earth’s atmosphere, how does the temperature vary with increasing altitude, and
what causes this variation?
20.
The global winds on
Earth are the result of a combination of what three things?
21.
If sunlight cannot
penetrate Venus’s cloud layer efficiently, why does the temperature of the
planet remain so high?
22.
Carbon dioxide levels
in Earth’s atmosphere have been rising by about 4 percent per decade because of
the use of fossil fuels. If this trend continues, what could happen to Earth?
23.
On Mars, water could
exist in what form(s): solid, liquid, or gas? How does this vary with the
seasons on Mars? Why are the seasonal variations on Mars different in its
northern and southern hemispheres?
24.
Give three reasons why
we believe Venus may currently have active volcanoes.
25.
Describe how a weak
magnetic field on Mars may lead to loss of its atmosphere over time.
26.
How does climate differ
from weather?
27.
The obliquity of
Earth’s rotation axis has remained stable at 23 degrees over its history, whereas
that of Mars is believed to have varied from 13 to 40 degrees. Why?
28.
Although Earth is known
to exhibit long-term natural variations in temperature, scientists are nearly
unanimous in believing that the recent rise in temperature is due to human
industrial activity. Why?
29.
What factors drive the
long-term periodic variations in Earth’s average temperature (known as the
Milankovitch cycle)?
30.
Describe the factors
influencing the climate on Earth.
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