TEST BANK 21ST CENTURY ASTRONOMY THE SOLAR SYSTEM 5TH EDITION BY KAY
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Chapter 5: Light
Learning
Objectives
Define the bold-faced vocabulary terms within the chapter.
Multiple Choice: 10, 11, 12, 13, 35
Short Answer: 5.1 Light Brings Us the News
of the Universe
Summarize the electromagnetic properties of light.
Multiple Choice: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 23, 25
Short Answer: Explain how and when light acts like a wave,
and when it acts like a particle.
Multiple Choice: 15, 16, 17
Relate color, wavelength, and energy of photons.
Multiple Choice: 6, 7, 8, 14, 18, 19, 24
Short Answer: List the names and wavelength ranges of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Multiple Choice: 9, 20, 21, 22
5.2 The Quantum View of Matter Explains
Spectral Lines
Illustrate the processes of atomic absorption and emission of
light.
Multiple Choice: 27, 28, 29, 38
Short AnswerRelate spectral features to changes in energy
state of an atom.
Multiple Choice: 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39
Short Answer: 5.3 The Doppler Shift
Indicates Motion Toward or Away from Us
Explain why radial motion produces a Doppler shift.
Multiple Choice: 40, 41, 42, 43, 46
Short Answer:
5.4 Temperature Determines the Spectrum of
Light That an Object Emits
Summarize what it means for a system to be in equilibrium.
Multiple Choice: 44
Relate temperature to the rate of thermal motions.
Multiple Choice: 45, 52
Short Answer: Illustrate the relationship between flux and
luminosity.
Multiple Choice: 53
Characterize how blackbody spectra describe the luminosity,
temperature, and color of an object.
Multiple Choice: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56
Short Answer: 5.5 The Brightness of Light
Depends on Its Luminosity and Distance
Use the inverse square law to relate luminosity, brightness,
and distance.
Multiple Choice: 57, 58, 59
Short Answer: Working It Out 5.2
Use the Doppler equation to relate radial velocity with
shifts in the wavelengths of spectral lines.
Multiple Choice: 60, 61, 62
Working It Out 5.3
Short Answer: Use Wien’s law to relate the temperature and
peak wavelength of blackbody emission.
Multiple Choice: 63, 64, 65
Short Answer: Working It Out 5.4
Calculate a planet’s temperature based on its parent star and
albedo.
Multiple Choice: 66, 67, 68, 69, 70
Short Answer: MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
The speed of light was
first determined by which scientist?
a.
Galileo
b.
Newton
c.
Kepler
d.
Rømer
e.
Einstein
2.
The speed of light in a
vacuum is
a.
300,000 m/s.
b.
300,000 mph.
c.
300,000 km/s.
d.
300,000,000 mph.
e.
infinite.
3.
What is the difference
between visible light and X-rays?
a.
Speed; X-rays go faster
than visible light.
b.
Speed; X-rays go slower
than visible light.
c.
Wavelength; X-rays have
a shorter wavelength than visible light.
d.
Wavelength; X-rays have
a longer wavelength than visible light.
e.
X-rays are made up of
particles, whereas visible light is made up of waves.
4.
How does the speed of
light traveling through a medium (such as air or glass) compare to the speed of
light in a vacuum?
a.
It is the same as the
speed of light in a vacuum.
b.
It is always less than
the speed of light in a vacuum.
c.
It is always greater
than the speed of light in a vacuum.
d.
Sometimes it is greater
than the speed of light in a vacuum and sometimes it is less, depending on the
medium.
e.
Light can’t travel
through a medium; it only can go through a vacuum.
5.
A light-year is a unit
that is used to measure
a.
time.
b.
wavelength.
c.
speed.
d.
energy.
e.
distance.
6.
Which formula denotes
how the speed of light is related to its wavelength and frequency?
a.
c = λf
b.
c = λ/f
c.
c = f/λ
d.
c = 1/λf
e.
There is no
relationship between wavelength and frequency.
7.
The color of visible
light is determined by its
a.
speed.
b.
wavelength.
c.
mass.
d.
distance from you.
e.
size.
8.
How do the wavelength
and frequency of red light compare to the wavelength and frequency of blue
light?
a.
Red light has a longer
wavelength and higher frequency than blue light.
b.
Red light has a longer
wavelength and lower frequency than blue light.
c.
Red light has a shorter
wavelength and higher frequency than blue light.
d.
Red light has a shorter
wavelength and lower frequency than blue light.
9.
What wavelengths of
light can the human eye see?
a.
3.8 µm to 7.5 µm
b.
3.8 nm to 7.5 nm
c.
380 cm to 750 cm
d.
380 nm to 750 nm
e.
3.8 m to 7.5 m
10.
What does amplitude
reveal about light?
a.
wavelength
b.
frequency
c.
speed
d.
brightness
11.
The unit Hertz is a
measure of what quantity?
a.
wavelength
b.
frequency
c.
speed
d.
brightness
12.
When talking about a
wave, what does the term “medium” refer to?
a.
the size of an object
b.
the substance through
which the wave travels
c.
the brightness level
d.
the vacuum
13.
A nanometer is a
measure of which quantity?
a.
wavelength
b.
frequency
c.
speed
d.
brightness
14.
Which of the following
photons carries the smallest amount of energy?
a.
a blue photon of the
visible spectrum, whose wavelength is 450 nm
b.
an infrared photon,
whose wavelength is 10−5 m
c.
a red photon in the
visible spectrum, whose wavelength is 700 nm
d.
a microwave photon,
whose wavelength is 10−2 m
e.
an ultraviolet photon,
whose wavelength is 300 nm
15.
Einstein showed that
the _________ could be explained if photons carried quantized amounts of
energy.
a.
warping of space and
time
b.
Heisenberg uncertainty
principle
c.
photoelectric effect
d.
theory of special
relativity
e.
Bohr model of the atom
16.
Light has aspects of
a.
only a wave.
b.
only a particle.
c.
both a particle and a
wave.
d.
neither a particle nor
a wave.
17.
Saying that something
is quantized means that it
a.
is a wave.
b.
is a particle.
c.
travels at the speed of
light.
d.
can only have discrete
quantities.
e.
is smaller than an
atom.
18.
A red photon has a
wavelength of 650 nm. An ultraviolet photon has a wavelength of 250 nm. The
energy of an ultraviolet photon is _________ the energy of a red photon.
a.
2.6 times larger than
b.
6.8 times larger than
c.
2.6 times smaller than
d.
6.8 times smaller than
e.
the same as
19.
Light with a wavelength
of 600 nm has a frequency of
a.
2 × 105 Hz
b.
5 × 107 Hz
c.
2 × 1010
Hz
d.
5 × 1012
Hz
e.
5 × 1014
Hz
20.
Which of the following
lists different types of electromagnetic radiation in order from the shortest
wavelength to the longest wavelength?
a.
radio waves, infrared,
visible, ultraviolet, X-rays
b.
gamma rays,
ultraviolet, visible, infrared, radio waves
c.
gamma rays, X-rays,
infrared, visible, ultraviolet
d.
X-rays, infrared,
visible, ultraviolet, radio waves
e.
radio waves,
ultraviolet, visible, infrared, gamma rays
21.
As wavelength
increases, the energy of a photon _________ and its frequency _________.
a.
increases; decreases
b.
increases; increases
c.
decreases; decreases
d.
decreases; increases
22.
If the frequency of a
beam of light were to increase, its period would _________ and its wavelength
would _________.
a.
decrease; increase
b.
increase; decrease
c.
increase; increase
d.
decrease; decrease
e.
stay the same; stay the
same
23.
The fact that the speed
of light is constant as it travels through a vacuum means that
a.
photons with longer
wavelengths have lower frequencies.
b.
radio wave photons have
shorter wavelengths than gamma ray photons.
c.
X-rays can be
transmitted through the atmosphere around the world.
d.
ultraviolet photons
have less energy than visible photons.
24.
If the wavelength of a
beam of light were to double, how would that affect its frequency?
a.
The frequency would be
four times higher.
b.
The frequency would be
two times higher.
c.
The frequency would be
two times lower.
d.
The frequency would be
four times lower.
e.
There is no
relationship between wavelength and frequency.
25.
If the Sun
instantaneously stopped giving off light, what would happen on the day-side of
Earth?
a.
It would immediately
get dark.
b.
It would get dark 8.3
minutes later.
c.
It would get dark 27
minutes later.
d.
It would get dark 1
hour later.
e.
It would get dark 24
hours later.
26.
When an electron moves
from a higher energy level in an atom to a lower energy level,
a.
the atom is ionized.
b.
a continuous spectrum
is emitted.
c.
a photon is emitted.
d.
a photon is absorbed.
e.
the electron loses
mass.
27.
If you observe an
isolated hot cloud of gas, you will see
a.
an absorption spectrum.
b.
a continuous spectrum.
c.
an emission spectrum.
d.
a rainbow spectrum.
e.
a dark spectrum.
28.
Which of these objects
would emit an absorption spectrum?
a.
an incandescent
lightbulb
b.
a fluorescent lightbulb
c.
an isolated hot gas
cloud
d.
a hot, solid object
e.
a thin, cool gas cloud
that lies in front of a hotter blackbody
29.
If you observe a star,
you will see
a.
an absorption spectrum.
b.
a continuous spectrum.
c.
an emission spectrum.
d.
a rainbow spectrum.
e.
a dark spectrum.
30.
In the energy level
diagram shown in the figure below, the electron is excited to the E4
energy level. If the electron transitions to an energy level giving off a
photon, which level would produce a photon with the largest energy?
a.
E1
b.
E2
c.
E3
d.
E4
e.
E5
31.
In the energy level
diagram shown in the figure below, the electron is excited to the E4
energy level. If the electron transitions to an energy level giving off a
photon, which level would produce a photon with the largest frequency?
a.
E1
b.
E2
c.
E3
d.
E4
e.
E5
32.
In the energy level
diagram shown in the figure below, the electron is excited to the E4
energy level. If the electron transitions to an energy level giving off a
photon, which level would produce a photon with the largest wavelength?
a.
E1
b.
E2
c.
E3
d.
E4
e.
E5
33.
In the energy level
diagram shown in the figure below, the electron is excited to the E2
energy level. If the atom absorbs a photon with the exact frequency to move the
electron to another energy level, which energy level would correspond to the
largest frequency difference?
a.
E1
b.
E2
c.
E3
d.
E4
e.
E5
34.
In the energy level
diagram shown in the figure below, the electron is excited to the E2
energy level. If the atom absorbs a photon with the exact wavelength to move
the electron to another energy level, which energy level would correspond to
the largest wavelength difference?
a.
E1
b.
E2
c.
E3
d.
E4
e.
E5
35.
Astronomers measure the
amount of various elements in other stars and most commonly compare them to
which of the following when studying the composition of a star?
a.
solar abundance
b.
big bang abundance
c.
terrestrial abundance
d.
water
36.
In the figure below,
you see a stellar spectrum. The dip in the data near 650 nm corresponds most
closely with which of the following?
a.
sodium emission
b.
sodium absorption
c.
hydrogen emission
d.
hydrogen absorption
e.
iron absorption
37.
Why is a neutral iron
atom a different element than a neutral carbon atom?
a.
A carbon atom has fewer
neutrons in its nucleus than an iron atom.
b.
An iron atom has more
protons in its nucleus than a carbon atom.
c.
An iron atom has more
electrons than a carbon atom.
d.
A carbon atom is bigger
than an iron atom.
38.
In the quantum
mechanical view of the atom, electrons are often depicted as
a.
a cloud that is
centered on the nucleus.
b.
a particle orbiting the
nucleus.
c.
free to orbit at any
distance from the nucleus.
d.
a particle inside the
nucleus.
39.
The n = 5 electronic
energy level in a hydrogen atom is 1.5 × 10−19 J higher than the
n = 3 level. If an electron moves from the n = 5 level to the n = 3 level, then a
photon of wavelength
a.
1.3 nm, which is in the
ultraviolet region, is emitted.
b.
1.3 nm, which is in the
ultraviolet region, is absorbed.
c.
1,300 nm, which is in
the infrared region, is absorbed.
d.
1,300 nm, which is in
the infrared region, is emitted.
e.
No light will be
absorbed or emitted.
40.
The Doppler shift can
be used to determine the _________ of an object.
a.
energy
b.
temperature
c.
radial velocity
d.
color
e.
three-dimensional
velocity
41.
A spaceship is
traveling toward Earth while giving off a constant radio signal with a
wavelength of 1 meter (m). What will the signal look like to people on Earth?
a.
a signal with a
wavelength less than 1 m
b.
a signal with a
wavelength more than 1 m
c.
a signal moving faster
than the speed of light
d.
a signal moving slower
than the speed of light
e.
a signal with a
wavelength of 1 m, moving the normal speed of light
42.
Which of these stars
would have the biggest redshift?
a.
a star moving at low
speed toward you
b.
a star moving at high
speed toward you
c.
a star moving at low
speed away from you
d.
a star moving at high
speed away from you
e.
a star that is not
moving away from you or toward you
43.
A spaceship is
traveling from planet B on the left, toward planet A on the right. The
spaceship is traveling at a speed of 15,000 km/s to the left while it sends out
a signal with a wavelength of 4 m. If astronomers living on planets A and B
measure the radio waves coming from the spaceship, what wavelengths will they
measure?
a.
Planet A measures 6 m,
and planet B measures 2 m.
b.
Planet A measures 2 m,
and planet B measures 6 m.
c.
Planet A measures 4.2
m, and planet B measures 3.8 m.
d.
Planet A measures 3.8
m, and planet B measures 4.2 m.
e.
Both Planet A and
planet B measure 4 m.
44.
What does it mean to
say that an object is in thermal equilibrium?
a.
It isn’t absorbing any
energy.
b.
It isn’t radiating any
energy.
c.
It is radiating more
energy than it is absorbing.
d.
It is absorbing more
energy than it is radiating.
e.
It is absorbing the
same amount of energy that it is radiating.
45.
The Kelvin temperature
scale is used in astronomy because
a.
at 0 K an object has
absolutely zero energy.
b.
water freezes at 0 K.
c.
water boils at 100 K.
d.
hydrogen freezes at 0
K.
e.
the highest temperature
possible is 1000 K.
46.
You observe the
spectrum of two stars. Star A has an emission line from a known element at 600
nm. Star B has emission lines from the same atom, but the emission line is
occurring at 650 nm. One possible explanation for this observation is: that star
A is
a.
cooler than star B.
b.
farther away from us
than star B.
c.
moving toward us faster
than star B.
d.
made of different
elements than star B.
e.
larger than star B.
47.
In the figure below,
which blackbody spectrum corresponds to the object with the highest temperature?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
48.
In the figure below,
which blackbody spectrum corresponds to the object that would appear the most
red to the human eye?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
49.
In the figure below,
which blackbody spectrum corresponds to the object that would appear white to
the human eye?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
50.
As a blackbody’s
temperature increases, it also becomes _________ and _________.
a.
more luminous; redder
b.
more luminous; bluer
c.
less luminous; redder
d.
less luminous; bluer
e.
more luminous; stays
the same color
51.
Compare two blackbody
objects, one at 200 K and one at 400 K. How much larger is the flux from the
400 K object compared to the flux from the 200 K object?
a.
2 times larger
b.
4 times larger
c.
8 times larger
d.
16 times larger
e.
They have the same
flux.
52.
At what temperature
does water freeze?
a.
0 K
b.
32 K
c.
100 K
d.
273 K
e.
373 K
53.
You observe a red star
and a blue star and are able to determine that they are the same size. Which
star has a higher surface temperature, and which star is more luminous?
a.
The red star has a
higher surface temperature and more luminous.
b.
The red star has a
higher surface temperature, and the blue star is more luminous.
c.
The blue star has a
higher surface temperature and more luminous.
d.
The blue star has a
higher surface temperature, and the red star is more luminous.
e.
They have the same
luminosities and temperatures.
54.
At what peak wavelength
does your body radiate the most given that your temperature is approximately
that of Earth, which is 300 K?
a.
10−5 m
b.
10−3 m
c.
10−2 m
d.
10 m
e.
1,000 m
55.
Why do some stars in
the sky appear blue, whereas other stars appear red?
a.
The red stars have
higher surface temperatures than the blue stars.
b.
The blue stars have
higher surface temperatures than the red stars.
c.
The blue stars are
closer to us than the red stars.
d.
The red stars are
closer to us than the blue stars.
e.
The blue stars are
moving toward us, while red stars are moving away from us.
56.
Consider an
incandescent lightbulb. If you wanted to turn a 10-W lightbulb into a 100-W lightbulb,
how would you change the temperature of the filament inside the bulb?
a.
Raise its temperature
by a factor of 3.2.
b.
Raise its temperature
by a factor of 1.8.
c.
Raise its temperature
by a factor of 10.
d.
Lower its temperature
by a factor of 2.6.
e.
Lower its temperature
by a factor of 5.4.
57.
Star A and star B
appear equally bright in the sky. Star A is twice as far away from Earth as
star B. How do the luminosities of stars A and B compare?
a.
Star A is twice as
luminous as star B.
b.
Star B is twice as
luminous as star A.
c.
Star A is four times as
luminous as star B.
d.
Star B is four times as
luminous as star A.
e.
Stars A and B have the
same luminosity.
58.
Star C and star D have
the same luminosity. Star C is twice as far away from Earth as star D. How do
the brightnesses of stars C and D compare?
a.
Star C appears four
times as bright as star D.
b.
Star C appears twice as
bright as star D.
c.
Star D appears twice as
bright as star C.
d.
Star D appears four
times as bright as star C.
e.
Stars C and D appear
equally bright.
59.
The average red giant
in the night sky is about 1,000 times more luminous than the average
main-sequence star. If both kinds of stars have about the same brightness, how
much farther away are the red giants compared to the main-sequence stars?
a.
32 times farther
b.
1,000 times farther
c.
65 times farther
d.
5.6 times farther
e.
The red giants and
main-sequence stars have approximately the same distances.
60.
You are driving on the
freeway when a police officer records a shift of −7 nm when he or
she your speed with a radar gun that operates at a wavelength of 0.1 m. How
fast were you going?
a.
43 mph
b.
83 mph
c.
21 mph
d.
65 mph
e.
47 mph
61.
You record the spectrum
of a star and find that a calcium absorption line has an observed wavelength of
394.0 nm. This calcium absorption line has a rest wavelength is 393.3 nm. What
is the radial velocity of this star?
a.
5,000 km/s
b.
500 km/s
c.
50 km/s
d.
5 km/s
e.
0.5 km/s
62.
If you find that the
hydrogen alpha line in a star’s spectrum occurs at a wavelength of 656.45 nm,
what is the star’s radial velocity? Note that the rest wavelength of this line
is 656.30 nm.
a.
150 km/s away from you
b.
150 km/s toward you
c.
350 km/s toward you
d.
70 km/s away from you
e.
70 km/s toward you
.
63.
If Jupiter has a
temperature of 165 K, at what wavelength does its spectrum peak? Use the
electromagnetic spectrum in the figure below to answer this question.
a.
18 nm—orange visible
wavelengths
b.
1,800 mm—microwave
wavelengths
c.
1,800 nm—infrared
wavelengths
d.
18,000 nm—ultraviolet
wavelengths
e.
18,000 nm—infrared
wavelengths
64.
If the typical
temperature of a red giant is 3000 K, at what wavelength is its radiation the
brightest? Use the electromagnetic spectrum in the figure below to help you
answer this question.
a.
1 µm—infrared
wavelengths
b.
1 µm—red visible
wavelengths
c.
20 µm—infrared
wavelengths
d.
20 µm—red visible
wavelengths
e.
700 µm—red visible
wavelengths
65.
If a star has a peak
wavelength of 290 nm, what is its surface temperature?
a.
1000 K
b.
2000 K
c.
5000 K
d.
10,000 K
e.
100,000 K
66.
A black car left in the
sunlight becomes hotter than a white car left in the sunlight under the same
conditions because
a.
the white car absorbs
more sunlight than the black car.
b.
the white car reflects
more sunlight than the black car.
c.
the black car absorbs
only blue photons and reflects red photons, whereas the white car absorbs only
red photons and reflects blue photons.
d.
the atoms in the black
car are smaller than the atoms in the white car.]
67.
Which of the following
factors does not directly influence the temperature of a planet?
a.
the luminosity of the
Sun
b.
the distance of the
planet from the Sun
c.
the albedo of the
planet
d.
the size of the planet
e.
the atmosphere of the
planet
68.
An asteroid with an
albedo of 0.1 and a comet with an albedo of 0.6 are orbiting at roughly the
same distance from the Sun. How do their temperatures compare?
a.
They both have the same
temperature.
b.
The comet is hotter
than the asteroid.
c.
The asteroid is hotter
than the comet.
d.
You must know their
sizes to compare their temperatures.
e.
You must know their
compositions to compare their temperatures.
69.
Which of these planets
would be expected to have the highest average temperature?
a.
a light-colored planet
close to the Sun
b.
a dark-colored planet
close to the Sun
c.
a light-colored planet
far from the Sun
d.
a dark-colored planet
far from the Sun
e.
There is not enough
information to know which would be hotter.
70.
If Saturn has a semimajor
axis of 10 astronomical units (AU) and an albedo of 0.7. If Saturn were to emit
the same amount of energy as it absorbs from the Sun, what is Saturn’s expected
temperature?
a.
130 K
b.
15 K
c.
35 K
d.
170 K
e.
65 K
SHORT ANSWER
1.
Compare and contrast
the wavelengths, frequencies, speeds, and energies of red and blue photons.
2.
How is the energy of a
photon related to its, frequency, wavelength, and speed?
3.
What is the intensity
of light, and how does it depend on wavelength?
4.
What is an
electromagnetic wave?
5.
The first five energy
levels of hydrogen are E1 = 0 eV, E2
= 10.2 eV, E3 = 12.1 eV, E4
= 12.7 eV, and E5 = 13.1 eV. If the
electron is in the n = 4 level, what energies can a single emitted photon have?
6.
Explain what the term
“ground state” means.
7.
Explain how continuous,
emission, and absorption spectra are produced.
8.
How are atoms excited,
and why do they become de-excited?
9.
Explain how an emission
line is formed, and why it is unique to a given element.
10.
The difference in
energy between the n = 2 and n = 1 electronic energy levels in the hydrogen atom is 1.6 × 10−18 J. If an electron
moves from the n = 1 level to the n = 2 level, will a
photon be emitted or absorbed? What will its energy be, and what type of
electromagnetic radiation is it? Use the electromagnetic spectrum shown in the
figure below to answer this question.
Describe, in your own words, why electrons cannot orbit the
nucleus like the planets orbit Why do we see black lines in an absorption
spectrum if the absorbed photons are (almost) instantaneously reemitted by the
atoms in the cloud?
11.
For a star that lies in
the plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun, how does the observed wavelength of
the hydrogen absorption line at 656.28 nm in its spectrum change in wavelength
(if at all) with the time of year?
12.
A spaceship approaches
Earth at 0.9 times the speed of light and shines a powerful searchlight onto
Earth. How fast will the photons from this searchlight be moving when they hit
Earth?
13.
If you are standing in
a fixed location, you may notice that the pitch of a passing train’s whistle
changes. What produces this effect?
14.
Suppose you observe a
star emitting a certain emission line of helium at 584.8 nm. The rest
wavelength of this line is 587.6 nm. How fast is the star moving? Is it moving
toward you or away from you?
15.
Imagine a satellite is
orbiting a planet. This satellite gives off radio waves with a constant
wavelength of 1 m. An observer on Earth then measures the signal from the
satellite when it is directly between Earth and the planet. How does the
wavelength received compare to the wavelength that the satellite gave off?
16.
Explain what is meant
when someone says “thermal motions.”
17.
Sketch two blackbody
curves, one for a hot blue object and the second for a cooler red object. Be
sure to label your axes.
18.
How does temperature
relate to the speed of gas particles?
19.
Name four physical
properties of an object that we can determine by analyzing the radiation that
it emits, and briefly describe how these properties are determined. Cite the
names of any laws that apply.
20.
Imagine you observed
three different stars: a red star, a blue star, and a yellow star. You are able
to determine that each of these stars has the same radius. Answer each question
below and explain how you know.
A: Which star has the highest surface temperature?
B: Which star is the most luminous?
C: Which star is the brightest?
21.
If you were driving
down a deserted country road and you saw a light in the distance, what would
you need to measure or know about it in order to calculate how far away it was?
22.
Imagine you see a
street lamp that is 100 m away from you and is 10,000 times more luminous than
a firefly. How close would you have to be to the firefly to make it look as
bright as the street lamp?
23.
How much would you have
to change the temperature of an object if you wanted to increase its flux by a
factor of 100?
24.
If you want a
blackbody’s peak wavelength to be cut in half, by how much do you need to
increase its temperature?
25.
What two factors
control a planet’s surface temperature if it has no atmosphere, and no internal
source of heat?
26.
How can the average
temperature of Earth stay approximately constant even though Earth is always
getting energy from the Sun?
27.
Astronomers have now
found a large number of exoplanets, which are planets that orbit around stars
other than the Sun. Imagine astronomers found a planet identical to Earth
orbiting a star that had the same radius as the Sun, but with a temperature
that is twice the temperature of the Sun. How far would this new planet need to
be away from its star to have the same average temperature as Earth?
28.
What would you expect
the temperature of a comet to be if its distance was 100 AU from the Sun?
Assume that it is very icy and reflective so that its albedo is equal to 0.6.
Does it matter what the radius of the comet is?
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