TEST BANK 21ST CENTURY ASTRONOMY THE SOLAR SYSTEM 5TH EDITION BY KAY
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Chapter 24: Life
Learning
Objectives
Define the boldfaced vocabulary terms within the chapter.
24.1 Life Evolves on Earth
Describe life.
Multiple Choice: 7, 8
Compare and contrast the major theories presented in this
text of how life originated on Earth.
Multiple Choice: 1, 9, 16, 17
Short Answer: 3
Explain why the earliest forms of life on Earth must have
been extremophiles.
Multiple Choice: 2, 10, 11, 12, 20, 23
Short Answer: 5
Establish why mutation and heredity lead to evolution.
Multiple Choice: 6, 14, 15, 24
Short Answer: 4
Illustrate the process of natural selection.
Multiple Choice: 13, 30
Summarize the evolution of life from its first origins on
Earth until today.
Multiple Choice: 3, 4, 5, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
Short Answer: 1, 2, 6, 7
24.2 Life Has Evolved through Physical and
Chemical Processes
Explain why carbon is favored as the, but is not the only,
chemical basis of life.
Multiple Choice: 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39
Short Answer: 9, 10
Explain the evidence that the human body is specifically made
of star dust.
Multiple Choice: 33, 40, 41
Short Answer: 11, 12
24.3 Where Do Astronomers Look for Life?
Assess whether we expect to find life outside of Earth.
Multiple Choice: 48
Short Answer: 25
Describe the conditions scientists believe are necessary for
the evolution of life.
Multiple Choice: 44, 55, 60
Short Answer: 15, 19, 20, 21, 24
Describe the methods currently being used to search for life
in the Solar System.
Short Answer: 17, 18
Compare and contrast the Solar System locations where
scientists hope to find evidence for life.
Multiple Choice: 45, 47, 50, 51, 53, 56, 61
Short Answer: 16, 22
Illustrate how the habitable zone changes for stars of
different masses.
Multiple Choice: 49, 52, 54, 57, 58, 59
Short Answer: 23
Describe a galactic habitable zone.
Multiple Choice: 46
Summarize the current state of our attempts to find life
beyond Earth.
Multiple Choice: 66
24.4 Scientists are Searching for Signs of
Intelligent Life
Describe the methods currently being used to search for
intelligent extraterrestrial life.
Multiple Choice: 62, 63, 64, 67, 68
Short Answer: 26, 29
Assess why it is unlikely that we will communicate with
extraterrestrial beings.
Multiple Choice: 65, 69, 70
Short Answer: 27, 28, 30
Working It Out 24.1
Calculate population changes using exponential growth.
Multiple Choice: 31, 32
Short Answer: 8
Working It Out 24.2
Use the Drake Equation to assess the probable number of
intelligent civilizations in the Milky Way capable of communicating with us.
Multiple Choice: 42, 43
Short Answer: 13, 14
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
In 1952, chemists
Harold Urey and Stanley Miller mixed ammonia, methane, and hydrogen in a closed
container, zapped it with electrical sparks, and found that
a.
they could induce cold
fusion to occur,
b.
they could not induce
any amino acids to form.
c.
single-celled
microorganisms had been spontaneously created.
d.
they had created many
amino acids.
e.
they had created life
in a test tube.
2.
In which of the
following locations has life not been found on Earth?
a.
near deep-oceans
hydrothermal vents
b.
in extremely dry
deserts
c.
in Arctic ice
d.
in hot sulfur springs
e.
None of the above. Life
has been found in all of these locations.
3.
How did the presence of
cyanobacteria on Earth in the past allow eventually the appearance of advanced
life forms like humans?
a.
It represented the
first form of life.
b.
It initiated the
oxygenation of the atmosphere.
c.
It fertilized the soil
to let plants grow.
d.
It increased the carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect.
e.
It was the first
life-form based on DNA.
4.
Complex microorganisms
that have complex DNA enclosed in a cell nucleus are called
a.
algae.
b.
bacteria.
c.
fungi.
d.
eukaryotes.
e.
prokaryotes.
.
5.
Why was the comet or
asteroid impact 65 million years ago (ironically) an event that benefited the
evolution of humans?
a.
It deposited a significant
amount of nitrogen into the Earth’s atmosphere.
b.
It led to an increase
in global UV radiation, which killed off most of the forests and jungles.
c.
Mammals got an
evolutionary boost.
d.
Plant life began to
decline.
e.
It brought human DNA to
Earth.
6.
The ability for one
generation to pass on its characteristics to future generations is known as
a.
natural selection.
b.
mutations.
c.
heredity.
d.
self-replication.
e.
duplication.
7.
Which of the following
is not a property of life known on Earth?
a.
It has evolved.
b.
It is self-sufficient,
since it has its own internal source of energy
c.
It is capable of
reproduction.
d.
It involves
carbon-based chemistry.
e.
It uses water as a
biological solvent.
8.
What makes molecules organic?
a.
They can reproduce.
b.
They are very complex.
c.
They are unique to Earth.
d.
They need oxygen to
form.
e.
They contain carbon.
9.
The earliest life-forms
on Earth likely appeared
a.
within a billion years
after the formation of the Solar System.
b.
3.65 billion years
after the formation of the Solar System.
c.
4.6 billion years ago.
d.
250 million years ago.
e.
20 million years ago.
10.
The current oxygen
level in the Earth’s atmosphere was reached about
a.
4.6 billion years ago.
b.
2 billion years ago.
c.
20 million years ago.
d.
250 million years ago.
e.
540 million years ago.
11.
The “waste” product in
the process of photosynthesis is
a.
sugar.
b.
carbon dioxide.
c.
oxygen.
d.
amino acids.
e.
carbohydrates.
12.
Which of the following
is not an example of extremophiles?
a.
organisms that thrive
at high temperatures
b.
organisms that thrive
without light
c.
organisms that
photosynthesize
d.
organisms that thrive
in highly acidic environments
e.
organisms that thrive
in environments with high radiation levels
13.
Natural
selection essentially implies
the ability to
a.
pass on a genetic code
to the next generation.
b.
avoid the interaction
with the environment.
c.
self-replicate.
d.
adapt and survive.
e.
reject genetic
mutations.
14.
Heredity essentially implies the ability to
a.
pass on a genetic code
to the next generation.
b.
avoid the interaction
with the environment.
c.
self-replicate.
d.
adapt and survive.
e.
reject genetic
mutations.
15.
Choose the incorrect
statement about mutations:
a.
Mutations always lead
to improvements in an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce.
b.
According to the theory
of evolution, chemical reactions resulting in the mutation of a molecule are a
natural and inevitable occurrence.
c.
Mutations can be
incorporated into a species’ genetic code.
d.
Mutations cause the
diversification of species
e.
Mutations are
influenced by the interaction of organisms with their environment.
16.
What was the goal of
the Urey-Miller experiment schematized in the figure below?
a.
to create a
microorganism
b.
to simulate the
formation of Earth
c.
to simulate the Big
Bang
d.
to simulate the early
universe
e.
to simulate the
formation of the building blocks of life
17.
What was the reason for
adding hydrogen sulfide to the “primitive atmosphere” simulated in the
Urey-Miller experiment?
a.
to mimic the alteration
of the primitive atmospheric composition due to volcanic outgassing
b.
to sterilize all
potential bacterial or microbial life forms in the active volume of the experiment
c.
no reason; it was a
purely accidental insertion of this toxic gas in the reaction chamber
d.
to speed up the
chemical reactions with a catalyst. to test the survival chance of
extremophiles forming in the experimental chamber
18.
Imagine that you built
a time machine and successfully traveled 2 billion years back in time. What
would happen?
a.
You would see dinosaurs
roaming Earth.
b.
You would see forests
and insects everywhere on Earth.
c.
You probably would be
killed by the ongoing heavy bombardment of Earth.
d.
You would probably die
due to the severe scarcity of oxygen.
e.
You would be floating
in space because, Earth hadn’t formed yet.
19.
If we compressed the
whole history of the Earth in a single day, at what time would the first plants
on land appear?
a.
5:00 A.M.
b.
9:10 A.M.
c.
12:00 noon
d.
9:30 P.M.
e.
5:20 P.M.
20.
The image below shows
an Australian shoreline. Which of the following forms of early life on Earth
does it depict?
a.
stromatolites
b.
fish colonies
c.
eukaryotes
d.
meteorites
e.
fungi
21.
What is the major
difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
a.
Eukaryotes have DNA,
and prokaryotes have RNA.
b.
Eukaryotes have a
nuclear membrane surrounding their DNA, and prokaryotes do not.
c.
Eukaryotes are plants,
and prokaryotes are animals.
d.
Eukaryotes appeared on
Earth before prokaryotes.
e.
Eukaryotes are
single-celled, and prokaryotes are multicellular.
22.
If we model the history
of the Earth as a single day, at what time would the dinosaurs be wiped out by
a large asteroid or comet?
a.
05:20 p.m.
b.
10:45 p.m.
c.
07:21 a.m.
d.
11:16 p.m.
e.
07:21 p.m.
23.
Choose the incorrect
answer about the stromatolites:
a.
They are some of the
oldest evidence of life-forms on Earth.
b.
They date back about
3.5 billion years.
c.
They are prokaryotes.
d.
They are produced by
cyanobacteria.
e.
There are no known
living examples in existence nowadays.
24.
Which of the following
events is the oldest in the history of life evolution on Earth?
a.
the Cambrian explosion
b.
the appearance of first
plants on land
c.
the demise of dinosaurs
d.
the branching of
primates away from other mammals
e.
the first human
civilizations
25.
The evolution of
terrestrial life involves all but which of the following?
a.
mechanisms of change
b.
mutation
c.
heredity
d.
natural selection
e.
silicon-based chemistry
26.
Which of the sketches
shown in the figure below could describe the evolutionary phylogenetic tree on
Earth? In each diagram, time increases upward, and each branch represents a
different species.
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
27.
Animals are most
closely related to which of the following branches?
a.
bacteria
b.
archaea
c.
flagellates
d.
fungi
e.
cyanobacteria
28.
Which of the following
occurred approximately 500 million years ago?
a.
the extinction of the
dinosaurs
b.
the Cambrian explosion
c.
the formation of the
Moon
d.
the rise of mammals
e.
the birth of the first
humans
29.
If we modeled the
history of the Earth as a single day, at what time would the first humans
branch out from chimpanzees?
a.
11:58 P.M.
b.
10:10 P.M.
c.
11:35 P.M.
d.
09:00 P.M.
e.
06:00 P.M.
30.
Which of the following
properties would be the unique marker of life?
a.
structure
b.
self-replication
c.
utilizing energy from
environment
d.
reacting to stimuli
within environment
e.
evolutionary adaptation
31.
Exponential growth
generally describes a population
a.
that has a constant
rate of growth.
b.
that doubles in size in
an infinitesimally small fraction of a second.
c.
that has virtually an
infinite space available for growth.
d.
that is not undergoing
natural selection.
e.
of Si-based molecular
structures.
32.
In the context of
self-replication of molecules, if each of them is successfully copying itself
every 2 minutes, how long does it take to have a population growth factor of
the order of a billion?
a.
1 hour
b.
2 hours
c.
10 minutes
d.
2 minutes
e.
2 billion minutes
33.
Which one of the
following is not an element commonly found in living organisms?
a.
helium
b.
hydrogen
c.
oxygen
d.
phosphorus
e.
nitrogen
34.
Which of the following
elements are not found in DNA molecules?
a.
carbon
b.
nitrogen
c.
hydrogen
d.
helium
e.
oxygen
35.
The atomic elements
that make the structure of DNA are
a.
carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
b.
carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
c.
sodium, chlorine,
calcium, copper, zinc, and potassium.
d.
zinc, iodine, iron,
calcium, and carbon.
e.
hydrogen, helium,
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
36.
The atomic elements
that make the structure of the amino acids are
a.
carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
b.
carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
c.
sodium, chlorine,
calcium, copper, zinc, and potassium.
d.
zinc, iodine, iron,
calcium, and carbon.
e.
hydrogen, helium,
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
37.
The most abundant
elements manufactured by stars through nuclear reactions are
a.
iron, silicon, carbon,
and sulfur.
b.
helium, carbon,
nitrogen, and oxygen.
c.
zinc, iodine, iron,
calcium, and carbon.
d.
carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and phosphorus.
e.
carbon, iron, lithium,
and argon.
38.
Choose the incorrect
statement about amino acids.
a.
They form proteins.
b.
They contain no more
than five elements.
c.
Life forms on Earth use
20 specific amino acids.
d.
There are tens of types
of amino acids that involve silicon-based chemistry.
e.
Amino acids have been
synthesized from mixtures of water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen. energized
by electric sparks
39.
A second best atomic
candidate conducive to complex molecules, possibly enabling biological life
forms, is
a.
oxygen.
b.
helium.
c.
hydrogen.
d.
silicon.
e.
phosphorus.
40.
Which of the following
sequences correctly ranks the numbers of atoms in the human body from highest
to lowest?
a.
CONS
b.
CONP
c.
HOCN
d.
HOCP
e.
OHCN
41.
Carbon forms the
backbone of our complex DNA structure primarily because
a.
it is the most abundant
element in the universe after hydrogen and helium.
b.
it reacts easily with
oxygen.
c.
it remains solid even
at high temperatures.
d.
a carbon atom can bond
with up to four other atoms at a time.
e.
it can form multiple
types of crystal structures.
42.
The Drake equation
estimates the number of
a.
exoplanets in the Milky
Way
b.
exoplanets in their
respective habitable zones
c.
extraterrestrial life
forms within the Milky Way, capable of communication
d.
advanced civilizations
that would self-destruct
e.
planets with a high
Earth index of similarity (EIS)
43.
A value of N = 0.1 for the Drake equation signifies that
a.
one out of every 10
solar systems in our galaxy harbors intelligent life.
b.
one out of every 10
solar systems in our galaxy harbors life of some kind.
c.
one out of every 10
galaxies in our universe harbors intelligent life.
d.
one out of every 10
galaxies in our universe harbors life of some kind.
e.
approximately one
intelligent civilization in the universe is created every 10 billion years.
44.
The field of
astrobiology uses our knowledge of ___________ to study life in the universe.
a.
biology
b.
chemistry
c.
physics
d.
astronomy
e.
all of the above
45.
Which of the following
Solar System objects is not a good candidate for future searches
for life?
a.
Mars, because it once
had liquid water on the surface
b.
Jupiter’s moon Europa,
because it appears to have liquid water under its frozen surface
c.
Saturn’s moon Titan,
because it has an atmosphere containing many organic molecules
d.
Venus, because it can
host extremophiles
e.
Saturn’s moon
Enceladus, because its cryovolcanoes indicate that it has liquid water under
the surface
46.
If we wanted to look
for other civilizations within the Milky Way, where should we look?
a.
near high-mass stars,
because they live longer
b.
near low-mass stars,
because their habitable zones are farther from their stars
c.
near the galactic
center, because the higher temperature makes life more likely
d.
far from the galactic
center, because planets are less exposed to harmful gamma rays and X-rays
coming from the galactic center
e.
in the halo of the
Milky Way, because stars in the halo have more heavy elements than stars in the
disk
47.
Which of the following
bodies in the Solar System lacks an atmosphere?
a.
Venus
b.
Mars
c.
Titan
d.
Europa
e.
Earth
48.
If future exploration
of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn discover primitive life forms, it would
imply a __________ probability of finding an advanced civilization somewhere
else in the Milky Way because ____________________________________.
a.
higher; it shows that
life can exist in environments that are very different from those found on
Earth
a.
higher; it would show
that life can survive travel through space after leaving the Earth
b.
much lower; primitive
life forms have nothing to do with the existence of advanced civilizations
c.
decreased; it would
show that primitive life forms outside the Earth cannot evolve into more
complex species
d.
decreased; it would
show that primitive life forms are far more common than advanced ones
49.
Based on what we know
about the evolution of life on Earth, which of the planets shown in the figure
below would be most likely to host an advanced civilization?
a.
Planet A
b.
Planet B
c.
Planet C
d.
Planet D
e.
Planet E
50.
Which of the following
bodies of the Solar System shows the poorest evidence of water?
a.
Mercury
b.
Europa
c.
Enceladus
d.
Titan
e.
Mars
51.
Which of the following
bodies of the Solar System has not yet been landed upon by spacecraft?
a.
Europa
b.
Titan
c.
Moon
d.
Mars
e.
Venus
52.
Which of the following
is not an essential property that would lead to a high Earth Similarity Index?
a.
distance from its star
b.
size
c.
density
d.
greenhouse effect
e.
age of central star
53.
The Solar System body
to which humans have dedicated the largest number of landing missions so far is
a.
Europa.
b.
Titan.
c.
Enceladus.
d.
Mars.
e.
Venus.
.
54.
What does “habitable
zone around a star” mean in the current framework of the search for exoplanets?
a.
the region around the
star where the inhabitants of nearby planetary systems can safely visit
b.
the region around the
star where planetary temperatures would not be too hot or too cold and liquid
water could exist
c.
the region around the
star where planets have icy moons
d.
the region around the
star where planets can form an atmosphere
e.
the region around the
star where intelligent civilization are not exposed to harmful doses of
radiation
55.
The ability of a
celestial body to retain an atmosphere would depend mainly on which of the
following properties?
a.
mass and size
b.
age and composition
c.
presence of life forms
on it
d.
tilt of the axis of
rotation
e.
period of rotation
56.
Planets that are close
to their stars may lack the day-night cycle due to
a.
having a large fraction
of the sky covered by the stellar disk.
b.
being tidally locked.
c.
having short orbital
periods.
d.
lacking an atmosphere.
e.
lacking moons.
57.
Scientists define the
habitable zone in our Solar System as being (roughly) bracketed by the orbits
of
a.
Mercury and Mars.
b.
Mercury and the main
asteroid belt.
c.
Venus and Mars.
d.
Earth and Saturn.
e.
Earth and comets in the
trans-Neptunian region.
58.
The habitable zone for
a 2M⊙ star is _____________ and covers a ______ distance range
compared with the habitable zone for a 1M⊙ star.
a.
closer inward; narrower
b.
further outward;
narrower
c.
further outward; wider
d.
closer inward; the same
e.
further outward; the
same
59.
Why are the high-mass
stars less likely to have planets with advanced/intelligent life forms?
a.
High-mass stars are
short-lived; hence evolution has less time to happen.
b.
High-mass stars are too
big, and their habitable zone is very narrow.
c.
High-mass stars are too
hot, and their habitable zone is too far from them.
d.
High-mass stars are too
blue, and intelligent life forms can see only white light.
e.
High-mass stars don’t
form planets around them.
60.
Based on what you know
of the Earth’s evolutionary timeline, what percent of Earthlike planets in a
star cluster with an age of 2 billion years likely hosts intelligent life?
a.
0
b.
10 percent
c.
30 percent
d.
50 percent
e.
100 percent
61.
What would be the main
factors determining whether water can exist in a liquid state on the surface of
a planet?
a.
the presence of
photosynthetic and highly intelligent life forms
b.
the age and mass of the
central star
c.
the atmospheric
pressure and temperature on the planetary surface
d.
the color and
temperature of the central star
e.
the existence of
carbon-based biology
62.
The main goal of the
Allen Telescope Array is to search for
a.
silicon-based life
forms in other planetary systems,
b.
electromagnetic signals
from civilizations inhabiting habitable planets,
c.
exoplanets in other
galaxies,
d.
dark energy,
e.
artificial satellites
drifting out of control around Earth,
63.
We search for
intelligent life in the universe most effectively by
a.
sending out spacecraft
with messages on them.
b.
using radio telescopes
to search for radio signals.
c.
monitoring ultraviolet
radiation emitted by stars.
d.
sending spacecraft to
explore other worlds.
e.
all of the above
64.
SETI’s Allen Telescope
Array is designed to search ___________ for signs of intelligent life.
a.
more than a thousand
stars
b.
more than a million
stars
c.
more than a billion
stars
d.
galaxies in the Local
Group
e.
the 100 closest spiral
galaxies
65.
What is the main
impediment for interstellar travel?
a.
the high cost of
technology enabling travel at the speed of light
b.
the fear of
encountering hostile life-forms
c.
the well-kept secrecy
about warp drive
d.
the instability of
wormholes
e.
the current lack of
know-how regarding how to travel at speeds approaching the speed of light
66.
Nowadays, the number of
confirmed exoplanets is approaching
a.
a dozen.
b.
106.
c.
2,000.
d.
100.
e.
104.
67.
When the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft
were launched into space in the 1970s, they were outfitted with messages
describing where they came from. Why is it fairly unlikely that an alien
civilization will use them to find us?
a.
The extremely large
distances between stars means it will take a very long time before spacecraft
reach another planetary system.
b.
They will probably rust
and fall apart as they get older.
c.
They will burn up as
the Sun’s gravity pulls them in.
d.
They will likely run
into Kuiper Belt objects before they leave the Solar System.
e.
They are moving so fast
through space that they would be very difficult to catch.
68.
In 1974, astronomers
sent a message toward globular cluster M13. If life exists there, and it
returns our signal, we won’t receive it for at least another 50,000 years. Why?
a.
It will take that long
for the space probe carrying our signal to reach the life forms there.
b.
Based on the age of the
stars in M13, we anticipate it would take that long for a civilization to
evolve enough to interpret and respond to our signal.
c.
M13 is far enough away
that even light takes a very long time to reach it.
d.
It will take that long
before our Solar System and M13 are properly aligned again.
e.
The universe will have
expanded substantially after M13 receives our message; therefore, it will take
much longer for their response to make it back to Earth.
69.
People argue against
the possibility of time travel by saying, “If humans will eventually be able to
travel back in time, then where are all the tourists from the future?” This
idea is similar to the ___________, only applied to time travel instead of
alien space travel.
a.
Drake equation
b.
cosmological principle
c.
Fermi paradox
d.
Urey-Miller experiment
e.
evolutionary tree of
life
70.
If the most pessimistic
assumptions in the Drake equation were true, we would
a.
have to wait for
millions of years to get a message back from the nearest intelligent life.
b.
have to wait
approximately 40 years to get a message back from the nearest intelligent life.
c.
be the only intelligent
life in the universe.
d.
need to concentrate on
the Andromeda Galaxy when searching for intelligent life.
e.
need to concentrate on
the most distant galaxies to find signs of intelligent life.
SHORT ANSWER
1.
Briefly explain why
astrobiology is a highly interdisciplinary field.
2.
What is the origin of
the atmospheric oxygen on planet Earth?
3.
Describe the experiment
depicted in the figure shown below. What was the goal of the experiment? Was
the experiment a success?
4.
What determines whether
or not a specific mutation is passed on to future generations?
5.
Explain what is meant
by organisms that are extremophiles.
6.
If the entire history
of the Solar System were scaled to fit into one day, what time of day would
microorganisms first form, oxygen start becoming a significant component of the
atmosphere, and humans split off from their genetic ancestors?
7.
Discuss one possibility
considered by scientists to explain the migration of life from sea to land
during the epoch preceding the Cambrian era.
8.
Explain why in a
self-replicating system (e.g., bacterial populations) in which a member would
copy itself every minute, even mutations that have only a slim rate of
occurrence could still significantly improve the survival chance of the system.
9.
What would be the main
advantages and disadvantages of silicon-based chemistry for alien life forms?
10.
If the DNA contains
only five different atomic species, how do we explain the diversity of life
forms on Earth?
.
11.
What are the four main
elements that make up all living organisms on the Earth?
12.
Explain why scientists think we are
specifically made of star stuff, or, more poetically that humans are the
“children of stars.”
13.
Name three main dangers
(one human and two astrophysical) that could threaten the continued existence
of human life on Earth.
14.
In Drake’s equation,
what factors would be more robustly constrained by the study of reasonable
large samples of exoplanets?
15.
As our sun ages, it
slowly gets brighter. For example, the Sun is about 30 percent brighter than it
was in its infancy, 4.5 billion years ago, and it will become about 30 percent
in the next 3 billion years or so. Explain how this would affect the definition
of a habitable zone in our Solar System.
16.
Why would scientists
consider that microbes are unlikely to exist on the surface of Mars?
17.
How is the Planetary
Habitability Index (PHI) different than the Earth Similarity Index (ESI)?
.
18.
Explain how the
discovery of life on another body of our own Solar System would change our
perspective on life elsewhere in the universe.
19.
What stars, in terms of
mass, are preferred by scientists in the search for highly evolved life-forms
and why?
20.
If you wanted to find
intelligent life in the universe, what spectral types of stars would you
prioritize for study and why?
21.
Explain why the
presence of oxygen in a planetary atmosphere is not a definitive marker for the
presence of life on that body.
22.
What makes Titan an
attractive target in the search for life-forms?
23.
Planet Kepler 438-b is
currently ranked as number 1 on the scale of Earth Similarity Index (ESI = 0.88). It orbits
the central star at an average distance of 0.166 A.U Based on the figure below,
what would be the temperature and spectral type of the central star?
24.
What are the basic
requirements for life, based on the Earth-bound template we have available?
25.
What kinds of
interesting objects potentially hosting life would be omitted if the search is
exclusively focused on planets orbiting within the habitable zones of their
stars?
26.
What is SETI, what is
its main objective, and how does it plan to achieve it?
27.
Explain why the Pioneer
plaques and the Voyager phonograph records are rather symbolic attempts at communication
with extraterrestrial intelligent life forms?
.
28.
How is Drake’s equation
different from the typical equations we encounter in science textbooks?
29.
Why are radio waves
considered the optimum spectral domain to deliver and search for signals to/from
extraterrestrial intelligent life forms?
30.
What is the so-called
Fermi paradox?
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