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Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and
Liquid—The Giant Planets
Learning
Objectives
10.1 The Giant Planets Are Large, Cold,
and Massive
Compare and contrast giant and terrestrial planets.
Multiple Choice: 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18
Short Answer: 1, 4, 5, 6, 7
Compare and contrast the gas and ice giant planets.
Multiple Choice: 3
Short Answer: 2
Explain the compositional differences between the four giant
planets.
Multiple Choice: 1, 2, 19
10.2 The Giant Planets Have Clouds and
Weather
Describe why some giant clouds are colorful and others are
bland.
Multiple Choice: 20, 21, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35
Short Answer: 9, 12, 13, 17
Illustrate the relationship between rapid rotation, Coriolis
force, zonal winds, and turbulence in the atmospheres of giant planets.
Multiple Choice: 22, 23, 24, 25, 36, 37
Short Answer: 10, 11, 14, 16
Explain the origin of weather (especially lightning) in giant
atmospheres.
Short Answer: 15
10.3 The Interiors of the Giant Planets
Are Hot and Dense
Explain why the interiors of giant planets are dense and hot.
Multiple Choice: 43, 45, 54, 57
Short Answer: 22
Differentiate the composition and physical characteristics of
cores of giant and terrestrial planets.
Multiple Choice: 46, 48, 49, 50, 56
Short Answer: 19
Explain why liquids such as water can exist in the hot
interiors of giant planets.
Multiple Choice: 47, 51
Short Answer: 20
Establish why we believe the ice giants have different
chemical compositions than the gas giants.
Multiple Choice: 52, 53, 55
Short Answer: 21, 23
10.4 The Giant Planets Are Magnetic
Powerhouses
Illustrate how the magnetic fields of giant planets are
observed.
Multiple Choice: 58, 63, 64, 65
Short Answer: 25, 26
Describe how a planet’s magnetic fields are responsible for
the appearance of auroras on a planet.
Multiple Choice: 59, 66
Characterize the components and origin of giant-planet
magnetospheres.
Multiple Choice: 60, 61, 62
Short Answer: 24, 27, 28
10.5 The Planets of Our Solar System Might
Not Be Typical
Describe the different types of “Jupiters” that are observed
in other planetary systems.
Multiple Choice: 68
Based on current observations, assess the most common
characteristics of a planetary system.
Multiple Choice: 69
Short Answer: 29, 31
Describe the process of planetary migration.
Multiple Choice: 67
Short Answer: 30
Assess whether planetary migration has occurred within our
solar system.
Multiple Choice: 70
Working It Out 10.1
Determine the diameter of a planet using orbital data and
occultations.
Multiple Choice: 7
Short Answer: 3
Working It Out 10.2
Use the motion of clouds to determine wind speeds on giant
planets.
Multiple Choice: 39, 40
Short Answer: 8
Working It Out 10.3
Calculate the ratio of energy emitted from and received by
giant planets.
Multiple Choice: 44
Short Answer: 18
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
The giant planets are
made primarily of
a.
water and carbon
dioxide.
b.
oxygen and nitrogen.
c.
methane.
d.
molecular hydrogen and
helium.
2.
Jupiter and Saturn are
composed primarily of
a.
hydrogen.
b.
helium.
c.
water.
d.
ammonia.
e.
carbon.
3.
Which planet receives
the least amount of energy from the Sun?
a.
Jupiter
b.
Earth
c.
Neptune
d.
Saturn
e.
Uranus
.
4.
Which of the giant
planets was discovered by accident by William Herschel?
a.
Jupiter
b.
Saturn
c.
Uranus
d.
Neptune
5.
Referring to the figure
below, what is the angular diameter of Neptune if its diameter is 50,000 km and
its distance is 30 astronomical units (AU)?
a.
45 arcseconds
b.
30 arcseconds
c.
20 arcseconds
d.
10 arcseconds
e.
2 arcseconds
6.
Which of the giant
planets was predicted to exist mathematically before it was ever seen through a
telescope?
a.
Jupiter
b.
Saturn
c.
Uranus
d.
Neptune
7.
You observe Neptune as
it occults a background star when the relative velocity between Neptune and
Earth is 30 km/s, and the star crosses through the middle of the planet and disappears
for 27.6 minutes. What is Neptune’s diameter?
a.
5 × 104 km
b.
800 km
c.
4,000 km
d.
9 × 103 km
e.
3 × 106 km
8.
Assume you want to
deduce the radius of a planet in our Solar System as it occults a background
star when the relative velocity between the planet and Earth is 30 km/s. If the
star crosses through the middle of the planet and disappears for a total of 26
minutes, what is the planet’s radius?
a.
3,000 km
b.
23,000 km
c.
15,000 km
d.
5,000 km
e.
31,000 km
9.
Which of these
observations would allow you to measure the mass of a planet?
a.
the planet’s orbital period
b.
the planet’s rotational
period
c.
the planet’s distance
from the Sun
d.
the orbit of one of
that planet’s moons
e.
the planet’s
temperature
10.
Jupiter’s mass is
_______ times more than the mass of all the other planets in our Solar System
combined.
a.
around 10
b.
around two
c.
100
d.
1,000
11.
Jupiter is
approximately _______ times more massive than Earth.
a.
10
b.
50
c.
300
d.
1,000
12.
Assume that you
discovered a new planet in the Solar System. To study it, you measured the
orbital period and semimajor axis of one of its moons and deduced that the
planet’s mass was 4 × 1025 kg (7 MEarth). Then you
observed the planet occult a background star and deduced that its radius is
12,000 km (2 REarth). What is this planet’s average density?
Is this planet’s chemical composition more similar to a rocky terrestrial
planet or a giant planet? For comparison, the density of iron, rock, and water
are approximately 9,000 kg/m3, 3,000 kg/m3, and 1,000
kg/m3, respectively.
a.
The planet’s average
density is 1,200 kg/m3, and its composition is similar to that of giant
planets.
b.
The planet’s average
density is 1,200 kg/m3, and its composition is similar to that of
terrestrial planets.
c.
The planet’s average
density is 3,100 kg/m3, and its composition is similar to that of
terrestrial planets.
d.
The planet’s average
density is 5,500 kg/m3, and its composition is similar to that of
giant planets.
e.
The planet’s average
density is 5,500 kg/m3, and its composition is similar to that of
terrestrial planets.
13.
Which of these planets
has a composition that is most like the Sun?
a.
Uranus
b.
Saturn
c.
Neptune
d.
Jupiter
e.
Earth
14.
As a group, the giant
planets all rotate _________ terrestrial planets.
a.
faster than
b.
slower than
c.
the same as
d.
retrograde compared to
e.
sideways compared to
15.
Why are Jupiter and
Saturn not perfectly spherical?
a.
They formed from the
collision of two large planetesimals.
b.
They rotate rapidly.
c.
They have storms that
develop preferentially along their equators.
d.
They have very active
auroras that heat the atmospheres along the poles.
e.
They have so much more
gravity that the poles get pulled harder than the equators.
16.
All the giant planets
except _________ experience seasons.
a.
Jupiter
b.
Saturn
c.
Uranus
d.
Neptune
17.
_________ has the most
extreme seasons of any planet in the Solar System.
a.
Jupiter
b.
Saturn
c.
Uranus
d.
Neptune
e.
Earth
18.
Each season on Uranus
lasts approximate 21 Earth years because
a.
Uranus takes a very
long time to orbit around the Sun.
b.
Uranus rotates very
slowly.
c.
Uranus’s rotational
axis is tipped by 45 degrees relative to it orbital axis.
d.
Hadley circulation is
ineffective in transferring heat in Uranus’ atmosphere.
e.
Uranus has many strong
storms.
19.
If you could find a
large enough ocean, which one of these planets would float in it?
a.
Uranus
b.
Saturn
c.
Neptune
d.
Mars
e.
Earth
20.
Aside from Jupiter,
which giant planets have atmospheric bands and storms?
a.
Saturn
b.
Uranus
c.
Neptune
d.
all of the above
21.
The different cloud
layers seen in Jupiter’s bands represent
a.
clouds at different
altitudes in Jupiter’s atmosphere.
b.
clouds at the same
altitude in Jupiter’s atmosphere but made of different molecular gas.
c.
clouds occupying the
same altitude in Jupiter’s atmosphere but with very different temperatures.
d.
clouds at the same
latitude in Jupiter’s atmosphere moving at different speeds depending on
latitude.
22.
Where are atmospheric
vortices usually found on the giant planets?
a.
deep within the
atmosphere, out of view from us on Earth
b.
between oppositely
directed zonal winds
c.
on the equator, where
wind velocities are highest
d.
near the poles
23.
When you look at the
visible surface of a gas giant planet, you are looking at that planet’s
a.
oceans.
b.
core.
c.
atmosphere.
d.
metallic hydrogen.
e.
solid surface.
24.
How is the atmosphere
of Saturn similar to the atmosphere of Earth?
a.
They are both made of
mostly hydrogen and helium.
b.
They both create
magnetic fields.
c.
They both have jet
streams and periods of stormy and calm weather.
d.
They both rotate in
less than 11 hours.
e.
They both have a
seamless transition between gas and liquid.
25.
A planet will have
bands in its atmosphere like Jupiter and Saturn if
a.
the planet is more than
3 AU from the Sun.
b.
the planet rotates
slowly.
c.
the wind speeds vary
greatly with latitude.
d.
the planet has a high
temperature.
e.
the planet has a large
mass.
26.
The Great Red Spot,
Jupiter’s most prominent storm system, has a diameter that is _________ times
Earth’s diameter.
a.
2
b.
5
c.
10
d.
50
e.
100
27.
If you tracked the
motion of the clouds near Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, which of the following
diagrams shows the correct motion you would observe?
28.
Which giant planet has
the most prominent band structures?
a.
Jupiter
b.
Saturn
c.
Uranus
d.
Neptune
29.
Uranus and Neptune do
not have bands as distinct as those on Jupiter and Saturn because Uranus and
Neptune
a.
have wind speeds that
vary more smoothly from the equator to the poles.
b.
are composed entirely
of hydrogen and helium and lack more complex molecules.
c.
are much closer to the
Sun and much colder.
d.
rotate 10 times slower.
e.
have larger masses.
30.
What causes the
distinct bluish tint of the ice giants Uranus and Neptune?
a.
Methane in their
atmospheres preferentially absorbs the red component of the Sun’s light and
reemits the blue part, giving the bluish tint.
b.
Water ice in their
atmospheres preferentially absorbs infrared light from the Sun and reemits the
blue part, giving the bluish tint.
c.
There is less red light
from the Sun reaching ice giants at their large distances, resulting in their
bluish appearance.
d.
The clouds consist of
hydrocarbons producing their own light, which comes out in the blue region of
the spectrum.
31.
Band systems on Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune are most prominent when viewed in which wavelength regime?
a.
visible
b.
infrared
c.
ultraviolet
d.
X-ray
e.
microwave
32.
Why do we find methane
clouds above water clouds in the atmosphere of Saturn?
a.
Methane clouds are less
dense than water clouds.
b.
Methane is far more
plentiful than water on Saturn.
c.
Methane is in a gas
state at lower temperatures than water.
d.
We can’t observe the
methane clouds that are deeper in the atmosphere.
e.
all of the above
33.
Why aren’t all clouds
on Jupiter white, like on Earth?
a.
Jupiter’s clouds are
made of methane.
b.
Jupiter’s clouds are
made of carbon dioxide.
c.
There are chemical
impurities in the ice crystals in Jupiter’s clouds.
d.
The Sun is not as
bright when viewed from Jupiter compared to what it looks like from Earth.
e.
For the same reason
that we see colors in rainbows on Earth.
34.
The colors of the cloud
bands on Jupiter and Saturn are due primarily to differences in their
a.
wind speeds.
b.
chemical compositions.
c.
altitudes.
d.
temperatures.
e.
densities.
35.
Uranus and Neptune are
bluish green in color because they contain large amounts of
a.
ammonia.
b.
methane.
c.
water vapor.
d.
hydrocarbons.
e.
oxygen.
36.
The Jovian atmospheric
vortices are created by a combination of the Coriolis effect and
a.
rapid rotation.
b.
convection.
c.
their strong magnetic
fields.
d.
solar radiation.
e.
gravity.
37.
The figure below shows
a drawing of bands in the atmosphere of Jupiter, and the arrows indicate the
direction the winds are blowing in those bands. At which of the labeled
locations would you be most likely to find a vortex storm?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
38.
The poles of Uranus can
have a higher temperature than its equator because Uranus
a.
has a large axial tilt
relative to its equator.
b.
has a high mass.
c.
is mostly made of
water.
d.
is far from the Sun.
e.
has large storms on the
surface.
39.
If you monitor Saturn’s
atmosphere and you see a storm near its equator at a longitude of 0° west on
one day and at a longitude of 90° west three days later, what is the average
wind speed on Saturn at this storm’s latitude? Note that these positions are
measured on a coordinate system that rotates with the planet’s interior, and
the radius of Saturn is 6 × 107 m.
a.
720 m/s
b.
120 m/s
c.
360 m/s
d.
540 m/s
e.
1,440 m/s
40.
If you monitor
Jupiter’s atmosphere and you see a storm near the equator move from a longitude
of 60° west to a longitude of 80° west over six days, what is the wind speed at
this storm’s latitude on Jupiter? Note that these positions are measured on a coordinate
system that rotates with the planet’s interior, and the radius of Jupiter is
7.2 × 107 m.
a.
700 m/s
b.
300 m/s
c.
100 m/s
d.
50 m/s
e.
500 m/s
41.
If convection on
Jupiter got weaker, what would happen to the storms in the upper atmosphere?
a.
They would get stronger.
b.
They would get weaker.
c.
They would stay the
same strength but become larger.
d.
They would begin to
rotate the opposite direction.
e.
They would move deeper
into the planet.
42.
Which of these things
happens because of rain droplets falling through the atmosphere of gas giant
planets?
a.
banding
b.
aurora
c.
magnetic fields
d.
cyclonic motion
e.
lightning
43.
Which giant planet does
not radiate more energy into space than it receives from the Sun?
a.
Jupiter
b.
Saturn
c.
Uranus
d.
Neptune
44.
If the flux of sunlight
on a planet suggested its temperature should be 200 K but its actual
temperature was 220 K, then how much more energy does this planet emit relative
to the energy it receives from its parent star?
a.
5.3 times more energy
b.
2.1 times more energy
c.
2.9 times more energy
d.
1.1 times more energy
e.
1.5 times more energy
45.
The fact that Jupiter’s
radius is contracting at a rate of 1 mm/yr results in
a.
differential convection
that powers Jupiter’s Great Red Spot.
b.
Jupiter’s rotation rate
slowing down with time.
c.
Jupiter’s shape being
less oblate.
d.
Jupiter radiating more
heat than it receives from the Sun.
e.
Jupiter’s orbit around
the Sun getting smaller.
46.
We refer to some of the
inner regions of Jupiter and Saturn as metallic hydrogen because they
a.
are as dense as lead.
b.
are solid.
c.
provide support for the
upper layers of hydrogen and helium.
d.
efficiently conduct
electricity.
e.
are found in the core
like iron is found at the core of Earth.
47.
Despite the high
temperatures deep in the interior of giant planets, their cores remain liquid
because
a.
they are under very
high pressures.
b.
gravitational potential
energy is being converted into thermal energy in the cores.
c.
they are composed of
heavy materials like rock and water.
d.
their rotations are
rapid compared to those of the terrestrial planets.
e.
the giant planets have
strong magnetic fields.
48.
Of the giant planets,
only Jupiter and Saturn have thick inner layers of
a.
liquid rock.
b.
solid rock.
c.
metallic hydrogen.
d.
liquid methane.
e.
water.
49.
Each giant planet has a
core made of _________ that is five to 10 times the mass of Earth.
a.
hydrogen
b.
rocky material
c.
water
d.
hydrocarbons
e.
methane
50.
If you could watch
Saturn form starting from the beginning of the Solar System, which of these
features of Saturn would come together first?
a.
magnetosphere
b.
metallic hydrogen
c.
molecular hydrogen
d.
rocky core
e.
ammonia ice
51.
What measurement tells
us that the interiors of Uranus and Neptune are made of mostly water?
a.
their mass
b.
their distance from the
sun
c.
their average densities
d.
their temperatures
e.
their colors
52.
Neptune and Uranus
probably took longer to form than Jupiter and Saturn because the solar nebula
was _________ at the radius of Neptune and Uranus.
a.
rotating faster
b.
composed of rockier
planetesimals
c.
not as dense
d.
hotter
e.
colder
53.
Uranus and Neptune
contain smaller percentages of hydrogen and helium than Jupiter and Saturn
probably because Uranus and Neptune _________ than Jupiter and Saturn.
a.
are much smaller in
radius
b.
are much warmer
c.
are much colder
d.
formed later
e.
formed earlier
54.
Why does Jupiter
radiate more energy than it receives from the Sun?
a.
because there is
nuclear fusion occurring near its core, which releases heat
b.
because there is a
greenhouse effect operating in the Jovian atmosphere
c.
because it is still
contracting under its own gravity
d.
because it is
undergoing tidal heating in its interior due to the gravitational pull of
Saturn
55.
Why are Uranus and
Neptune less massive than Jupiter and Saturn?
a.
because they formed
before Jupiter and Saturn, when there wasn’t enough gas in the solar nebula yet
b.
because they formed
farther out in the solar nebula, where there was less gas available
c.
because they formed
very close to the Sun, where intense solar radiation evaporated some of their
atmosphere into space
d.
because they are
composed of mostly ice, and there is less ice farther out in the solar nebula
56.
The figure below shows
a cutaway drawing of some of the layers inside the atmosphere of Jupiter. The
rocky core is located at the center. Which of these is a possible list of what
the layers contain, starting with layer 1 and moving to layer 3?
a.
gas, solid, liquid
b.
gas, smooth transition
from gas to solid, solid
c.
gas, distinct line
between gas and solid, solid
d.
gas, smooth transition
from gas to liquid, liquid
e.
gas, distinct line
between gas and liquid, liquid
57.
As you move from the
top atmospheric layer toward the center of a gas planet, the temperature _________
and the pressure _________.
a.
increases; decreases
b.
increases; increases
c.
decreases; decreases
d.
decreases; increases
e.
increases; stays the
same
58.
When charged particles
oscillate around magnetic field lines of a planet, in what region of the
spectrum do they emit electromagnetic radiation?
a.
optical
b.
infrared
c.
X-rays
d.
radio
59.
What produces Jupiter’s
strong auroras?
a.
charged particles from
the Sun (similar to Earth’s auroras)
b.
charged particles
emitted near the equator of Jupiter
c.
charged particles which
have separated from Jupiter’s rings
d.
charged particles
expelled by volcanoes on Io
60.
Where do Uranus’s and
Neptune’s strong magnetic fields originate?
a.
molten rocky cores
b.
salty oceans
c.
large magnetospheres
d.
metallic hydrogen
layers
e.
methane clouds
61.
The strongest magnetic
fields in the Solar System are found on which planet?
a.
Jupiter
b.
Saturn
c.
Uranus
d.
Neptune
e.
Earth
62.
If you were to fly to
Jupiter from Earth, which of these parts of Jupiter would you come into contact
with first?
a.
magnetosphere
b.
metallic hydrogen
c.
molecular hydrogen
d.
rocky materials
e.
stratosphere
63.
Why would a satellite
orbiting close to Jupiter have a very hard time detecting solar wind particles?
a.
Jupiter’s strong
gravity pulls them into the planet.
b.
Jupiter is too far away
from the Sun to get any solar wind.
c.
The satellite would be
moving too fast in its orbit to catch any of them.
d.
The Great Red Spot
pushes them away from Jupiter.
e.
Jupiter’s magnetosphere
deflects them.
64.
What would you observe
in order to accurately measure the rotational period of a giant planet?
a.
clouds in the atmosphere
b.
bands of storms on the
equator
c.
stellar occultations
d.
synchrotron emission
e.
the orbit of its moons
65.
Jupiter emits a large
amount of radio emission because
a.
charged particles
blasted off of Io’s surface move through Jupiter’s magnetic field.
b.
violent storms in its
atmosphere produce a lot of lightening.
c.
Jupiter is so cold that
its blackbody radiation peaks at radio wavelengths.
d.
Jupiter’s thick inner
shell of metallic hydrogen is electrically conductive.
e.
Jupiter’s core has a
very high temperature and pressure.
66.
Below is a picture of
Saturn taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. What is causing the circle of light
seen near the Saturn’s pole?
a.
Solar wind particles
are being trapped by Saturn’s magnetic field, causing an aurora.
b.
Strong storms on Saturn
are causing lightning strikes.
c.
Saturn’s tilt is
causing that area of the planet to be warmer, so it gives off bluer light.
d.
Metallic hydrogen is
being released from the surface of Saturn.
e.
Saturn is giving off
energy because it is shrinking.
67.
What could have caused
the planets to migrate through the Solar System?
a.
gravitational pull from
the Sun
b.
interaction with the
solar wind
c.
accreting gas from the
solar nebula
d.
gravitational pull from
other planets
e.
differentiation of
their interiors
68.
Many extrasolar planets
identified by astronomers have masses exceeding that of Jupiter. How does this
fact lead to higher densities for these planets?
a.
They are expected to
have formed closer to their parent stars, where the protostellar nebula was
denser.
b.
Their higher masses
lead to stronger gravitational forces, causing them to shrink with time, which
leads to higher densities
c.
Their higher masses
have led them to accrete more planetesimals, resulting in higher densities than
Jupiter
d.
They are expected to
orbit far from their parent stars, resulting in colder, denser atmospheres than
Jupiter
69.
The densities of
extrasolar planets have been found to increase with increasing planet size,
only to decline sharply once planets become larger than 2 Earth radii. Why?
a.
Above two Earth radii,
rocky planetary cores dissolve into a liquid form, which has lower density than
rock
b.
Above two Earth radii,
the planets become gaseous throughout their interior
c.
Above two Earth radii,
the planets hold onto more liquid, lowering the overall density
d.
Below two Earth radii,
none of the planets have any atmosphere at all, but then they acquire one once
they are above two Earth radii, thus lowering the overall density
70.
Which of the following
effects is not one of the predictions made by models of our Solar System
that include planetary migration?
a.
Jupiter has four large
moons, with the rest being smaller asteroid sized objects.
b.
Mars stayed small
during its early evolution as Jupiter scattered away any nearby planetesimals.
c.
The orbits of the inner
terrestrial planets became stabilized, allowing them to reside near or in the
habitable zone for life.
d.
Scattering of
planetesimals by the giant planets led to the late heavy bombardment where the
inner planets were pummeled by planetesimals.
SHORT ANSWER
1.
Compare the flux of
sunlight at Earth’s orbit to that at Saturn’s orbit. Note that Saturn’s average
distance from the Sun is 9.5 AU.
2.
Suppose you attach a
weight to one end of a spring and then hold the other end of the spring and
spin it above your head. The faster you spin the spring, the farther away the
weight will move from your hand. How can this example be used to explain the
oblateness of Saturn’s shape?
3.
Suppose Neptune moves
with an average orbital speed of 3.5 km/s. If it takes Neptune four hours to
pass directly in front of a star, what is Neptune’s diameter? Give Neptune’s
radius in units of Earth diameters, where the diameter of Earth is 12,800 km.
4.
Calculate Jupiter’s
mass (in Earth masses) based on its gravitational pull on its moon, Io, using
Newton’s version of Kepler’s third law: P2 = A3/MJ.
In order to do so, you will need the following information: Io’s period = 1.769 days; Io’s
semimajor axis = 422,000 km; the mass of the Sun = 2 × 1030
kg; the mass of Earth = 6 × 1024 kg (also, 1 AU = 1.5 × 108
km).
5.
What is the ratio of Jupiter’s
volume to Earth’s volume if both planets can be modeled as spheres and
Jupiter’s radius is 11 times that of Earth’s?
6.
If Saturn’s orbital
period is 30 years and the obliquity is 26 degrees, how long is it from the
first day of spring to the first day of autumn on Saturn?
7.
Uranus has an orbital
period of 84 Earth years, a rotation period of 17.2 hours, and an obliquity of
98°. Explain what solar days are like near the north pole of Uranus, and how
long they last.
8.
If Saturn’s rotational
period is 11 hours and its radius is 6 × 107 m,
what is the average speed of a cloud in its atmosphere that is rotating with
Saturn? (Neglect differential speeds due to winds.)
9.
If we measure the
spectrum of radiation coming from different clouds in Jupiter’s atmosphere and
we find that a cloud that appears white in visible light emits the largest
number of photons at a wavelength of 3 × 10–5
m, whereas a cloud that appears brown in visible light emits the largest number
of photons at a wavelength of 1.9 × 10–5
m, how do the temperatures of the clouds compare?
10.
The figures below shows
infrared (left) and optical (right) images of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot. Based
on the images, what can you conclude about the relative altitude of the Great
Red Spot compared to the altitude of the surrounding zones?
11.
Describe how clouds
merge. Where is it observed in the Solar System?
12.
What causes the
horizontal bands on Jupiter and Saturn to have different colors? How can they
be used to probe different altitudes in their atmospheres?
13.
Explain why methane
never freezes in the upper atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn, and how this
leads to the different appearance of Jupiter and Saturn compared to Uranus and
Neptune.
14.
Suppose Jupiter were to
stop rotating altogether. What would the clouds on Jupiter look like?
15.
The atmosphere of Earth
has only one main volatile component, water. The atmospheres of the giant
planets, however, have a number of additional volatiles, such as methane and
ammonia. What is the most conspicuous consequence of this difference?
16.
Why are winds on the
giant planets far faster than those on Earth?
17.
Saturn has a lower
abundance of helium in its atmosphere than Jupiter does. Why?
18.
Based on the flux of
sunlight that it gets, Jupiter should have a temperature of 109 K. However, its
temperature is observed to be 124 K. How much more energy is Jupiter radiating
out into space compared to what it gets from the Sun?
19.
A diagram of the
interior of Jupiter is shown the figure below, with layers labeled A−D. Describe what
each of the four labeled layers is made of.
20.
On which of the giant
planets do we think we can find deep oceans of water? Why do we think this when
we can’t directly see inside the giant planets?
21.
How does the structure
of the solar nebula help explain why Jupiter is so much larger than the other
giant planets?
22.
Explain why the densest
materials in Jupiter are found in the core of the planet. How does this differ
from the formation of Earth’s dense core?
23.
Explain why the ice
giants likely formed at a different time than the gas giant planets, and
describe how this led to their different compositions.
24.
What causes the large
magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune? How does this source help explain why
the axes of their magnetic fields are misaligned and significantly offset from
their rotational axes?
25.
Describe the
difference(s) between how the magnetic fields of terrestrial planets are
produced and how those from gas giant and ice giant planets are produced.
26.
In addition to the
visible light that we can see with our own eyes, Jupiter emits a large amount
of radio waves. Explain the processes that allow Jupiter to give off each of
these types of light.
27.
When Voyager 1
passed through Jupiter’s magnetosphere, it flew through a plasma 20 times
hotter than the surface of the Sun. Why did the low density of the plasma save
the spacecraft from melting?
28.
Saturn has a large
magnetosphere similar to Jupiter’s, yet it is much harder to detect than
Jupiter’s magnetosphere. Why?
29.
Why do astronomers now
believe that our Solar System may not be typical of those existing around other
stars?
30.
When astronomers
discovered Jupiter-sized planets very close to their parent stars, they
proposed that these planets had formed farther out and then migrated inward.
What factor(s) caused this migration to occur?
31.
How does the discovery
of Neptune relate to the discovery of extrasolar planets?
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