TEST BANK 21ST CENTURY ASTRONOMY THE SOLAR SYSTEM 5TH EDITION BY KAY
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Chapter 8: The Terrestrial
Planets and Earth’s Moon
Learning
Objectives
Define the bold-faced vocabulary terms within the chapter.
Multiple Choice: 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 50
Short Answer: 8.1 Impacts Help Shape the
Evolution of the Planets
Name the four ways in which a planet’s surface can be
changed.
Short Answer: Relate processes seen on Earth to geological
features observed on other planets or moons (comparative planetology).
Multiple Choice: 7, 18, 25, 26
Short Answer: Interpret geological features on other planets
or moons in terms of the four ways in which a planet’s surface can be changed
to deduce the geological history of that object.
Multiple Choice: 5, 14, 15, 16
Short Answer
Use the presence of absence of resurfacing to determine the
history and relative ages of a planet’s or moon’s surface.
Multiple Choice: 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 17
Short Answer: Describe how impact cratering changes the
surface of a planet or moon.
Multiple Choice: 19, 21
Short Answer: Assess whether features on a planet’s or moon’s
surface are likely to have resulted from ordinary or giant impacts.
Multiple Choice: 11, 13, 20
Short Answer8.2 Radioactive Dating Tells Us
the Age of the Moon and the Solar System
Establish how the measurement of radioisotopes is used as a
clock.
Multiple Choice: 22, 23, 43
Short Answer: 8.3 The Surface of a
Terrestrial Planet Is Affected by Processes in the Interior
Explain how seismology is used to probe the inner structure
of a planet.
Multiple Choice: 37, 38, 39, 40
Short Answer: Relate the sources of heating and cooling of a
planet’s or moon’s interior.
Multiple Choice: 34, 35, 36, 41, 44, 45
Short Answer: Summarize the evidence for planetary magnetic
fields.
Multiple Choice: 27, 31, 42, 46
8.4 Planetary Surfaces Evolve through
Tectonism
Show how convection of magma leads to plate tectonics.
Multiple Choice: 55, 56
Differentiate plate spreading, plate convergence, subduction,
and faults.
Multiple Choice: 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58
Short Answer: 8.5 Volcanism Signifies a
Geologically Active Planet
Explain the differences between a shield and composite
volcano.
Short Answer: Summarize the evidence for volcanic activity on
other planets and moons.
Multiple Choice: 59, 60, 61, 62, 63
Short Answer: 8.6 The Geological Evidence
for Water
Identify causes of weathering and erosion of a planet or
moon’s surface.
Multiple Choice: 64
Short Answer: Explain how astronomers have searched for
evidence of water on other planets or moons.
Multiple Choice: 65, 66, 67
Short Answer: 27
Working It Out 8.1
Use abundances of parent and daughter elements to determine
the age of a sample of material.
Multiple Choice: 68, 69, 70
Short Answer: Working It Out 8.2
Calculate how rapidly a planet can lose internal energy.
Multiple Choice: 71
Short Answer: MULTIPLE
CHOICE
1.
Secondary craters are
a.
craters formed by water
impact.
b.
craters formed by
ejecta during another impact.
c.
a crater that forms
later, inside a larger crater.
d.
craters formed on a new
surface.
e.
craters formed on
planets other than Earth.
2.
Rocks less than 100
meters (m) in diameter, when they are in space, are called
a.
meteorites.
b.
meteoroids.
c.
meteors.
d.
asteroids.
3.
Space rocks less than
100 m in diameter, when they hit the ground, are called
a.
meteorites.
b.
meteoroids.
c.
meteors.
d.
asteroids.
4.
Space rocks less than
100 m in diameter, when they burn up in the atmosphere, are called
a.
meteorites.
b.
meteoroids.
c.
meteors.
d.
asteroids.
5.
Which of the following
is not a factor that helps explain Earth’s lack of craters compared to
the Moon?
a.
wind erosion
b.
larger atmosphere
c.
higher density interior
d.
liquid water on surface
e.
active tectonics and
volcanism
6.
Based on the number of
impact craters observed per square meter on their surface, place these
terrestrial planets in order from youngest to oldest surface.
a.
Earth, Venus, Mercury
b.
Venus, Earth, Mercury
c.
Mercury, Venus, Earth
d.
Earth, Mercury, Venus
e.
Venus, Mercury, Earth
7.
Flows of material
surrounding Martian craters suggest
a.
volcanism in its
interior.
b.
the presence of water
in surface rocks.
c.
active plate tectonics
at the time of impact.
d.
a very thin crust.
e.
the presence of ice.
8.
According to studies of
impact cratering, which of these terrestrial objects has, on average, the
oldest surface?
a.
Mercury
b.
Venus
c.
Earth
d.
Mars
e.
the Moon
9.
Compared to the
dark-colored regions of the surface of the Moon, the light-colored regions are
approximately
a.
1 billion years older.
b.
1 billion years
younger.
c.
1 million years older.
d.
1 million years
younger.
e.
a few thousand years
younger.
10.
Mars, Venus, and Earth
are much less heavily cratered than Mercury and the Moon. This is explained by
the fact that
a.
the rate of cratering
in the early Solar System was strongly dependent on location.
b.
Mars, Venus, and Earth
have thicker atmospheres.
c.
Earth and Venus were
shielded from impacts by the Moon, and Mars was protected by the asteroid belt.
d.
Mars, Venus, and Earth
were geologically active for a longer period of time than Mercury and the Moon.
e.
Mars, Venus, and Earth
are much larger in size than Mercury and the Moon.
11.
Which is not a
reason that we suspect that the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by an
explosive impact by a large object?
a.
Many dinosaur fossils
are found below the K-T boundary, but none above it.
b.
The material in the K-T
boundary is rich in iridium.
c.
Soot is found in the
material in the K-T boundary, which probably came from fires caused by the
impact.
d.
An impact crater has
been found near Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula.
e.
The remaining meteorite
has been identified on the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico.
12.
The smallest number of
craters per square meter are found on the surface of
a.
Mercury.
b.
Mars.
c.
Venus.
d.
Earth.
13.
Which object would have
the least effect on our planet if it were to strike Earth?
a.
a 1-kg asteroid
traveling at 30 km/s
b.
a 5-kg asteroid
traveling at 10 km/s
c.
a 100-kg comet
traveling at 10 km/s
d.
a 1,000-kg Mini Cooper
car traveling at 100 miles/h, which is 0.05 km/s
e.
a 3,000-kg truck
traveling at 35 miles/h, which is 0.02 km/s
14.
Which of these three
lunar surfaces shown in the figure below is the oldest?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
A and C are probably
about the same age and are older than B.
e.
It is impossible to
tell without radioactive dating.
15.
Which of the three
lunar surfaces shown in the figure below is the youngest?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
A and C are probably
about the same age and are younger than B.
e.
It is impossible to
tell without radioactive dating.
16.
Which list below gives
the correct order of the age of the three lunar surfaces shown in the the
figure below going from youngest to oldest?
a.
A, B, C
b.
A, C, B
c.
B, A, C
d.
B, C, A
e.
C, B, A
17.
Based on the age of the
light- and dark-colored regions of the Moon and the number of craters observed
in these regions, we know that impacts in the inner Solar System
a.
rapidly decreased
approximately 1 billion years ago.
b.
rapidly decreased
approximately 3 billion years ago.
c.
were very rare in the
last 4.6 billion years.
d.
occurred at
approximately a constant rate throughout most of the age of the Solar System.
e.
never occur anymore.
18.
Which of the following
statements is false?
a.
The surface of Venus
has very few craters primarily because asteroids burn up in its thick
atmosphere.
b.
Geological features and
the chemical composition of some rocks on Mars suggest liquid water flowed on
the surface in the past, but not at the present time.
c.
Darker regions of the
Moon’s surface have fewer craters and are approximately 1 billion years younger
than the lighter regions.
d.
Volcanoes on Mars are
larger, on average, than Earth’s volcanoes because Mars does not have moving
continental plates.
e.
Impact craters on Earth
are erased over time because of erosion due to water and the recycling of its
crust.
19.
Studies of the amount
of cratering at different locations on the Moon indicate that
a.
the rate of cratering
in the Solar System has changed dramatically over time.
b.
the younger lunar
surfaces are hundreds of billions of years younger than the oldest surfaces.
c.
the Moon has never been
geologically active at any point in its history.
d.
most of the heavy
cratering in the Solar System occurred before Earth formed.
e.
cratering is no longer
occurring in the Solar System.
20.
Which object would have
the largest impact if it were to strike Earth?
a.
a 1-m diameter asteroid
moving at 100 m/s
b.
a 1-m diameter comet
moving at 100 m/s
c.
a 10-m diameter comet
moving at 10 m/s
d.
a 10-m diameter
asteroid moving at 10 m/s
e.
a 1-m diameter comet
moving at 50 m/s
21.
To survive passage
through Earth’s atmosphere without burning or breaking up before it hits the
ground, an asteroid must be
a.
at least 1 m in size.
b.
at least 10 m in size.
c.
at least 100 m in size.
d.
at least 1 kilometer
(km) in size.
e.
at least 1,000 km in
size.
22.
What is the age of our
Solar System?
a.
4.6 billion years
b.
4.6 million years
c.
13.7 trillion years
d.
13.7 billion years
e.
13.7 million years
23.
Of the following
methods, the age of the Solar System can be determined most accurately by
a.
measuring the number of
craters per square meter on Mercury.
b.
radioactive dating of
rocks retrieved from the Moon.
c.
carbon dating of rocks
from mountains on Earth.
d.
measurement of the
magnetic field variations in rocks under Earth’s oceans.
e.
measuring the rate of
energy production in the Sun.
24.
Differentiation refers to materials that are separate based on their
a.
weight.
b.
mass.
c.
volume.
d.
density.
e.
heat capacity.
25.
The observation that
the Moon’s average density is similar to the density of Earth’s _________
supports the collision theory of the Moon’s origin.
a.
oceans
b.
average density
c.
core
d.
atmosphere
e.
mantle
26.
Which of the following
statements is false?
a.
Approximately 65
million years ago, a 10-km-wide asteroid struck Earth and wiped out more than
50 percent of all living species.
b.
The Moon probably was
formed by a collision between a Mars-sized body and Earth.
c.
During summer in the
northern hemisphere of Mars, the polar ice cap melts and liquid water flows
outward from it in rivers.
d.
The surface of Venus is
relatively young, with an estimated age of less than 1 billion years.
e.
Mercury has many
fractures and faults on its surface that probably arose when it cooled very
rapidly and shrank.
27.
The dynamo theory says
that a planet will have a strong magnetic field if it has
a.
fast rotation and a
solid core.
b.
slow rotation and a
liquid core.
c.
fast rotation and a
liquid core.
d.
slow rotation and a
solid core.
e.
fast rotation and a
gaseous core.
28.
A wave whose amplitude
is perpendicular to its direction of motion is
a.
longitudinal.
b.
transverse.
c.
sound.
d.
primary.
e.
seismic.
29.
The balance between
pressure and weight is known as
a.
hydrostatic
equilibrium.
b.
gravitational
equilibrium.
c.
pressure balancing.
d.
mantel pressure.
e.
differentiation.
30.
Magnetosphere refers to
a.
the metallic core of
Earth.
b.
the liquid mantel of
Earth.
c.
the magnetic dynamo
effect.
d.
a region of magnetic
field around Earth.
e.
Earth’s ionosphere.
31.
Which terrestrial
planet has the strongest magnetic field?
a.
Mercury
b.
Venus
c.
Earth
d.
Mars
e.
The Moon
32.
Magma on Earth is
liquid rock from the
a.
core.
b.
outer core.
c.
upper mantle.
d.
lower mantle.
e.
center.
33.
Maria refer to a
geological feature located on
a.
Mercury.
b.
Venus.
c.
Mars.
d.
Earth.
e.
The Moon.
34.
What is the main reason
that Earth’s interior is liquid today?
a.
tidal force of the Moon
on Earth
b.
seismic waves that
travel through Earth’s interior
c.
decay of radioactive
elements
d.
convective motions in
the mantle
e.
pressure on the core
from Earth’s outer layers.
35.
Which of the following
will not be a consequence of Earth’s consumption of the bulk of its
radioactive “fuel” in the future?
a.
Earth will spin more
slowly on its axis.
b.
The interior of the
planet will solidify.
c.
Volcanic activity will
cease.
d.
Continental drift will
no longer occur.
e.
Earth’s mass will
decrease.
36.
What will eventually
happen to Earth when radioactive decays in its interior cease?
a.
Earth’s core will
solidify.
b.
Continental drift will
cease.
c.
Earthquakes will cease.
d.
The strength of Earth’s
magnetic field will decrease.
e.
all of the above
37.
Suppose an earthquake
occurs on an imaginary planet. Scientists on the other side of the planet
detect primary waves but not secondary waves after the quake occurs. This
suggests that
a.
part of the planet’s
interior is liquid.
b.
all of the planet’s
interior is solid.
c.
the planet has an iron
core.
d.
the planet’s interior
consists entirely of rocky materials.
e.
The planet’s mantle is
liquid.
38.
Which layer in the
figure below represents Earth’s liquid mantle?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
39.
Which layer in the
figure below represents Earth’s liquid core?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
40.
The fact that Earth’s
interior is differentiated suggests that
a.
it formed first from
denser material and then afterward accreted lighter material.
b.
it has both a liquid
and solid core.
c.
it was entirely liquid
at some point in the past.
d.
only the crust is
solid; the rest of Earth’s interior is liquid.
e.
it formed first from
lighter material, then afterward accreted heavier material.
41.
The Moon has a diameter
that is approximately one-fourth that of Earth. If these objects’ interiors are
heated by radioactive decays and the total amount of energy in decays is
proportional to the object’s volume, how does the amount of internal heat the
Moon has compare to that of Earth?
a.
The Moon’s heating rate
is 8 times that of Earth’s.
b.
The Moon’s heating rate
is 0.5 times that of Earth’s.
c.
The Moon’s heating rate
is 4 times that of Earth’s.
d.
The heating rates are
about the same.
42.
Which of the following
is not a requirement for a planetary magnetic dynamo?
a.
rapid rotation
b.
solid iron core
c.
convective motions
d.
charged particles in
the interior
e.
liquid interior
43.
Mars has a diameter
that is approximately half that of Earth’s. If the interiors of these planets
are heated by radioactive decays, how does the heating rate of Mars’ interior
compare to that of Earth’s?
a.
Mars’s heating rate is
0.125 times that of Earth’s.
b.
Mars’s heating rate is
8 times that of Earth’s.
c.
Mars’s heating rate is
0.5 times that of Earth’s.
d.
Mars’s heating rate is
4 times that of Earth’s.
e.
The heating rates are
about the same.
44.
In Earth’s crust, lower-density
igneous rock such as _________ make up the continents, and higher-density
volcanic rock such as _________ make up the ocean floor.
a.
limestone; granite
b.
granite; iron-rich
silicates
c.
granite; basalt
d.
limestone; sandstone
e.
marble; basalt
45.
Earth’s innermost core
is solid, not liquid, because
a.
the core temperature is
too low to melt iron.
b.
differentiation caused
all of the heavy, solid material to sink to the bottom while Earth was forming.
c.
all the liquid has
moved up into the mantle via convection.
d.
the pressure is too
high for the material to be in a liquid state.
e.
iron does not melt.
46.
Based on the assumption
that a liquid conducting core and rapid rotation both are required for a
magnetic dynamo to operate, which terrestrial planets would you expect to have
magnetic fields?
a.
only Earth
b.
only Earth, Venus, and
Mars
c.
only Earth and Mars
d.
only Earth and Mercury
e.
Earth, Venus, Mars, and
Mercury
47.
The figure below shows
the continental plates of Earth and the locations of volcanoes and earthquakes.
Which statement is false?
a.
Earth’s crust is broken
up into 13 separate continental plates.
b.
Volcanoes occur more
often where two plates are coming together rather than spreading apart.
c.
Earthquakes happen
where two plates come together and when they spread apart.
d.
The Atlantic Ocean is
getting smaller with time.
e.
Southern California in
the United States and Baja in Mexico are sliding northeastward relative to the
rest of the North American Plate.
48.
Which of the following
are not sites of frequent volcanic and earthquake activity on Earth?
a.
local hotspots
b.
spreading centers
c.
subduction zones
d.
transform faults
e.
inactive faults
49.
What would you study in
order to determine the timescale on which Earth’s magnetic field reverses
direction?
a.
a spreading center on
the sea floor
b.
a volcano in the middle
of a continental plate
c.
a fault at the border
between two plates
d.
a subduction zone on
the sea floor
e.
the rate of motion of
tectonic plates
50.
The lithosphere of a
planet is
a.
the molten layer under
the crust.
b.
the layer of the
atmosphere in which clouds form.
c.
the upper layer of its
atmosphere.
d.
its solid surface.
e.
its frozen surface.
51.
Continental drift
occurs at a typical rate of a few
a.
mm/yr.
b.
cm/yr.
c.
m/yr.
d.
km/yr.
e.
nm/yr.
52.
Plate tectonics is not
responsible for
a.
mountain ranges.
b.
canyons.
c.
volcanoes.
d.
ocean trenches.
e.
continental drift.
53.
The large feature
spanning the planet _________ shown in the figure below is called _________.
a.
Mars; Olympus Mons
b.
Venus; Valles Marineris
c.
Venus; Olympus Mons
d.
Mars; Valles Marineris
e.
Mercury; Caloris Basin
54.
The large feature
spanning the surface of Mars in shown the figure below is _________ and
probably was created by _________.
a.
an impact crater; an
asteroid or comet
b.
a dry riverbed; flowing
water
c.
a canyon; a rapid
cooling of the crust
d.
a canyon; flowing water
e.
a highway; an extinct
civilization
55.
A rising convection
cell in the mantle gives rise to
a.
a subduction zone.
b.
a sliding plate.
c.
converging plates.
d.
separating plates.
56.
If you start off with
16 atoms of a parent radioisotope, after how many half-lives will only one atom
of the parent remain?
a.
2
b.
4
c.
8
d.
15
e.
16
57.
The North American
Plate and the Pacific Plate are sliding past one another at a rate of
approximately 3 cm/yr. San Francisco, which is located on the edge of the North
American Plate, is sliding southward toward Los Angles, which is located on the
Pacific Plate. If they are currently separated by a distance of 600 km, how
many years will it take for the two cities to meet?
a.
3 million years
b.
300,000 years
c.
20 million years
d.
20,000 years
e.
600 years
58.
If the Himalaya
mountain range is presently 8,000 m in height and is rising at a rate of 0.5 m
per century because of the convergence of two continental plates, how long did
it take to create this mountain range?
a.
1,600 years
b.
160,000 years
c.
1.6 million years
d.
160 million years
e.
1.6 billion years
59.
The feature shown in the
image below is a(n) _________, the largest one of its kind in the Solar System,
and is located on the planet _________.
a.
impact crater; Mercury
b.
mountain; Venus
c.
mountain; Earth
d.
volcano; Mars
e.
impact crater; the Moon
60.
The feature on Mars
shown in the image below is _________ named _________.
a.
an impact crater;
Meteor Crater
b.
a volcano; Olympus Mons
c.
a canyon; Valles
Marineris
d.
a canyon; Caloris Basin
e.
a mountain; Mount Neil
Armstrong
61.
Which terrestrial
object shows the least evidence of recent volcanic activity?
a.
Mercury
b.
Venus
c.
Earth
d.
Mars
e.
the Moon
62.
The largest volcanic
mountains in the Solar System are found on
a.
Mercury.
b.
Venus.
c.
Earth.
d.
Mars.
e.
the Moon.
63.
Which is not a
reason for the large size of volcanoes on Mars as compared to Earth’s smaller
volcanoes?
a.
absence of plate
tectonics
b.
lack of atmosphere,
therefore no erosion
c.
less gravity than other
terrestrial planets
d.
many repeated eruptions
64.
Present-day erosion on
the surface of the Moon is primarily caused by
a.
flowing water.
b.
wind.
c.
solar radiation.
d.
dust storms.
e.
tectonic shifts.
65.
Which is not a
reason that we suspect Mars once had liquid water on its surface?
a.
Mapping satellites have
detected dry riverbeds.
b.
Rovers have detected
minerals that must have formed in the presence of liquid water.
c.
Mapping satellites have
detected outflow channels coming from impact craters.
d.
The observed presence
of water ice in Mars’s polar icecaps.
66.
We have direct evidence
for the current existence of water on the surface of which terrestrial object?
a.
Mercury
b.
Venus
c.
Mars
d.
Ganymede
e.
Callisto
67.
The rovers named Spirit
and Opportunity that recently explored the surface of Mars discovered
a.
tiny streams of flowing
water too small to be detected by orbiting satellites.
b.
minerals that must have
formed in an environment rich in liquid water.
c.
dust storms that
rapidly erode the surfaces of most geological formations.
d.
the northern polar ice
cap is made primarily of frozen water ice.
e.
the presence of methane
that arises from biological life.
68.
If a radioactive
element has a half-life of 10,000 years, what fraction of it is left in a rock
after 40,000 years?
a.
1/2
b.
1/4
c.
1/8
d.
1/16
e.
1/32
69.
If you obtained a
sample of a meteorite and determined the abundances of uranium (238U)
and lead (207Pb) in it, and found that for every one uranium atom
there were 15 lead atoms, what would be the age of this rock? Note that this
form of uranium decays to this form of lead with a half-life of 700 million
years. For simplicity, you can assume that there was no lead in the rock when
it originally formed.
a.
1.4 billion years
b.
2.8 billion years
c.
4.0 billion years
d.
10.5 billion years
e.
3.6 billion years
70.
If you obtained a
sample of rock from Venus and determined the abundances of uranium (238U)
and lead (207Pb) in it, and found that for every one uranium atom
there were three lead atoms, then what would be the age of this rock? Note that
this form of uranium decays to this form of lead with a half-life of 700
million years. For simplicity, you can assume that there was no lead in the
rock when it originally formed.
a.
1.4 billion years
b.
2.8 billion years
c.
4.0 million years
d.
10.5 billion years
e.
3.6 billion years
71.
Consider an external
solar system in which there are three terrestrial planets. All are located far
from other objects, so tidal forces aren’t significant. If planet A has a
radius of 1 Earth radius, planet B has a radius of 2 Earth radii, and planet C
has a radius of 3 Earth radii, which planet has the highest chance of having at
least a partially liquid core and a detectable magnetic field?
a.
Planet A
b.
Planet B
c.
Planet C
d.
They all have the same
likelihood of having a liquid core.
e.
None of these planets
should have a liquid core because they all should have completely solidified.
SHORT ANSWER
1.
Name the terrestrial
planets in order of increasing distance from the Sun. What are the terrestrial
planets in order of increasing geological age of their surface?
2.
What are the four main
processes that shape the surfaces of the terrestrial planets?
3.
Describe the process of
how an impact crater and secondary impact craters are formed.
4.
Give a specific example
of a historical impact of an asteroid or comet that hit Earth. Why are impact
craters rare on the surface of Earth but plentiful on the Moon?
5.
List the three areas of
the lunar surface shown in the figure below in order of age from youngest to
oldest. Explain your reasoning.
6.
What are two materials
present in the K-T boundary that support the idea that a 10-km-wide asteroid or
comet hit the Yucatan peninsula and caused or accelerated the extinction of
more than 50 percent of all living species on Earth? Explain where these two
materials came from. How long ago did this happen?
7.
What is the age of the
Moon, and how do we know?
8.
Why does Earth have a
stronger magnetic field than any of the other terrestrial planets?
9.
Explain and relate the
terms radioisotope, parent element, daughter product, and half-life.
10.
List the names of the
four layers of Earth’s interior shown in the figure below going from the outer
layer to the innermost layer, and designate whether they are solid or liquid.
11.
Which is denser: the
mantle or crust of Earth? Explain why.
12.
Suppose that two
planets of the same size formed from the same material. If planet A had
differentiated and planet B had not, how would samples of their surface rock
differ? Explain why.
13.
How do we know that
Earth’s magnetic field has flipped its polarity many times in the past?
14.
How did the radioactive
heating of Earth vary from when it was first formed 4.6 billion years ago until
today?
15.
Describe the difference
between seismic primary and secondary waves and why this difference makes them
useful in probing the structure of Earth’s interior.
16.
Describe two reasons
why we know that Earth’s magnetic field cannot be a result of permanent
magnetism in a solid iron core.
17.
Three different things
can happen when two continental plates meet. What is the name given to each,
and briefly explain what happens in each.
18.
What is a fault?
19.
Along which type of
plate boundary are mountain chains commonly found?
20.
Describe one example of
tectonic disruption on Mercury, Venus, and Mars, respectively, and explain how
they formed.
21.
Of the terrestrial
planets, which have active plate tectonics?
22.
What is one major
difference between the volcanoes on Venus and Mars and the volcanoes on Earth?
What might explain this difference?
23.
The American and
African/European continents are now separated by the Atlantic Ocean, which is
approximately 4,000 km wide. Assuming a continental drift rate of 2 cm/yr, how
long has it been since they were one land mass?
24.
Of the terrestrial
planets, which has the most volcanoes?
25.
Explain the differences
between a shield and composite volcano.
26.
How does a chain of
shield volcanoes, like the Hawaiian chain, form?
27.
If there were water on
Mars today, where would it likely be? Name two separate pieces of evidence we
have that Mars once had flowing water on its surface and how this evidence was
obtained.
28.
Rounded pebbles have
been found on Mars. What does this finding suggest?
29.
If you obtained a
sample of Martian rock, determined the abundances of 230U and 207Pb
in it, and found that for every one uranium atom there were seven lead atoms,
what would be the age of this rock? Note that 230U decays to 207Pb
with a half-life of 700 million years. Assume that there was no 207Pb
in the rock when it originally formed.
30.
Which planet would you
expect to have a larger molten core, a planet of Earth’s size or a planet that
had half the radius of Earth? Explain why.
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