TEST BANK 21ST CENTURY ASTRONOMY THE SOLAR SYSTEM 5TH EDITION BY KAY

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Chapter 3: Motion of Astronomical Bodies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Define the bold-faced vocabulary terms within the chapter. Multiple Choice: 2, 3, 18, 22, 37, 43, 44, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52

3.1 The Motions of Planets in the Sky

Distinguish the geocentric and heliocentric models of the Solar System. Multiple Choice: 1, 4, 8, 13, 20

Short Answer: Illustrate the cause of retrograde motion in the heliocentric model. Multiple Choice: 6, 7, 10, 11, 15

Short Answer: Summarize how Copernicus determined the correct order of the planets around the Sun.

Multiple Choice: 5, 9, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19

Short Answer: 3.2 Kepler’s Laws Describe Planetary Motion

State Kepler’s three laws.

Multiple Choice: 21, 24, 30, 31, 32, 34

Short AnswerIllustrate the important features of an ellipse that relate to Kepler’s first law.

Multiple Choice: 23, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39

Short Answer: Explain Kepler’s second law in terms of orbital speeds and distances.

Multiple Choice: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29

Short Answer: 3.3 Galileo’s Observations Supported the Heliocentric Model

Explain how Galileo applied the scientific method to geocentric and heliocentric models. Multiple Choice: 40, 41

Short Answer: 3.4 Newton’s Three Laws Help to Explain the Motion of Celestial Bodies

Describe the difference between empirical and physical laws.

Multiple Choice: 45

Relate inertia and mass.

Multiple Choice: 48

Short Answer: Illustrate Newton’s first law by considering how objects move in different

physical situations.

Short Answer: Describe the difference between speed and acceleration.

Short Answer: Apply Newton’s second law to establish whether or not objects will accelerate

in different physical situations.

Multiple Choice: 34, 42, 49

Illustrate Newton’s third law by considering action-reaction pairs in different physical situations.

Multiple Choice: 53

Short Answer: Working It Out 3.1

Use synodic and Earth’s sidereal periods to calculate the orbital periods of planets.

Multiple Choice: 54, 55, 56, 58

Short Answer: Working It Out 3.2

Use Kepler’s third law to compute the period or semimajor axis of a planet.

Multiple Choice: 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65

Short Answer: Working It Out 3.3





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Use Newton’s second law to calculate acceleration.

Multiple Choice: 57, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70

Short Answer: MULTIPLE CHOICE

At the center of the geocentric model of the Solar System is the
Sun.
Moon.
Earth.
Venus.
Jupiter.
An inferior planet is one that is
smaller than Earth.
larger than Earth.
closer to the Sun than Earth.
farther from the Sun than Earth.
made of lighter materials than Earth.
A superior planet is one that is
smaller than Earth.
larger than Earth.
closer to the Sun than Earth.
farther from the Sun than Earth.
made of heavier materials than Earth.

Who of the following was not a proponent of the heliocentric model of the solar system?
Galileo
Copernicus
Newton
Ptolemy
Aristarchus
The amount of time a planet takes to orbit the Sun is called its _________ period.
synodic
sidereal
prograde
retrograde
geocentric

When Earth catches up to a slower moving outer planet and passes it like a faster runner overtaking a slower runner in an outside lane, the planet

exhibits retrograde motion.
slows down because it feels Earth’s gravitational pull.
decreases in brightness as it passes through Earth’s shadow.

moves into a more elliptical orbit
exhibits prograde motion.








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          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ؀  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ           Observations of what astronomical events allowed astronomers to definitively determine that the heliocentric model of the solar system was correct?

  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       total eclipses of the Sun
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       the precise motions of planets across the celestial sphere
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       motion of bright stars on the celestial sphere
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       the timing of the equinoxes
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       the timing of the solstices

          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ؀  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ           Astronomers argued that the heliocentric model of the Solar System was simpler than the geocentric model, based on
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       the observation that the planets do not move relative to the background stars.
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       the fact that the Moon orbits Earth.
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       the fact that the Sun is more massive than Earth.
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       the observed retrograde motions of the planets.
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       the observed timing of lunar and solar eclipses.

          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ؀  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ           The time it takes for a planet to come back to the same position relative to the Sun is called its _________ period.
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       synodic
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       sidereal
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       heliocentric
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       geocentric
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       prograde
          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ؀  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ           Retrograde motion is seen when ____________ due to Earth’s motion.

  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       stars change their position in the sky with respect to background stars
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       stars rise in the west and set in the east
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       planets rise in the west and set in the east
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       planets change the direction in which they move across the night sky
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       planets orbit the Sun in the opposite direction
          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ؀  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ           How did Ptolemy “fix” the geocentric system?

  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       He introduced retrograde motion.
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       He introduced prograde motion.
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       He moved the Sun to the center.
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       He introduced epicycles.
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       He introduced Earth’s motion.

          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ؀  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ           Based on his observations of the planets, Copernicus calculated the relative distance of the planets from the Sun using the heliocentric model, and these distances were
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       10 times too large.
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       exactly correct.
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       close to the correct values, with errors less than 0.5 astronomical unit (AU).
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       accurate, but not as accurate as Ptolemy’s values.

  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       two times too small.
          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ؀  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ           Which of the following are the inferior planets?
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       Only Mercury
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       Mercury and Mars
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       Mercury and Venus
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       Mars
  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            ጀ  Ā          Ȁ ⸀Ā ̀Ā          ȀĀ㨀Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ            Ā ᜀ       Mercury, Mars, and Pluto




Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. iv

Which of the following are superior planets?
Mars
Earth and Venus
Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn

When the geocentric model of the solar system did not match the observed positions of the planets,

Tycho Brahe made measurements of higher accuracy and showed the geocentric model was correct.
Ptolemy added epicycles to the geocentric model to match the observed data.
Galileo argued that the Sun revolved around Earth.
Kepler was inspired to create the theory of gravity.
Copernicus proposed the heliocentric mode.
Based on the figure below, a superior planet would be seen high overhead at midnight
when at opposition.
when at eastern quadrature.
when at conjunction.
when at western quadrature.
throughout its orbit.
Based on the figure below, a superior planet at opposition
would rise at noon and set at midnight.
would rise at midnight and set at noon.
would rise at sunset and set at sunrise.
would rise at sunrise and set at sunrise.
would rise at 8 and set at 8.

Based on the figure below, an inferior planet would have its greatest angular separation from the Sun and therefore most easily visible at
inferior conjunction.
superior conjunction.
only greatest eastern elongation.
only greatest western elongation.
at either greatest eastern or western elongation.
When the Sun, Earth, and a planet all lie along a straight line, the planet is at
quadrature.
opposition.
only greatest elongation.
only conjunction.
either opposition or conjunction.

In the ________ model of the Solar System, ________ motion is only an apparent, not a real, motion.
geocentric; retrograde
heliocentric; retrograde
geocentric; prograde
heliocentric; prograde
Galilean; prograde




Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. v

 _________ was the first person to introduce a mathematical heliocentric model of the Solar
System from which accurate predictions could be made of planets’ positions.

 Nicolaus Copernicus
 Tycho Brahe
 Johannes Kepler
 Galileo Galilei
 Isaac Newton

 Which laws are based entirely on observational data without having any theoretical framework behind them?
 physical laws
 Galileo’s laws of planetary motion
 Newton’s laws of motion

 deductive laws

 empirical laws
 The time it takes a planet to complete one full orbital revolution is commonly known as its
 period.
 frequency.
 orbital domain.
 velocity.
 eccentricity.
 If the Sun is located at one focus of Earth’s elliptical orbit, what is at the other focus?

 Earth
 the Moon
 another planet
 nothing
 Jupiter

 In the figure below, a planet orbits the Sun. The line connecting the planet and Sun sweeps out three areas labeled A, B, and C, during three different time intervals. If the duration of the time intervals are the same (meaning t2 − t1 = t4 − t3 = t6 − t5), how are the sizes of these areas related?

 A > B > C

 C > B > A

 A > C > B

 B > A > C

 A, B, and C have the same size.

 In the figure below, a planet orbits the Sun. During which of the three sections (A, B, or C) will the planet have the lowest average velocity?
 A
 B
 C
 The average velocity is the same for sections A, B, and C.

 The information given is insufficient to answer this question.






Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. vi

Kepler’s second law says that if a planet is in an elliptical orbit around a star, then the planet moves fastest when the planet is
farthest from the star.
closest to the star.
exceeding the escape velocity.
experiencing zero acceleration.
located at one of the foci.
Which of the following is true about a comet that is on an elliptical orbit around the Sun?

The comet’s speed is greatest when it is farthest from the Sun.
The comet’s speed is greatest when it is nearest the Sun.
This comet’s speed is zero.
The comet’s speed is constant because its mass and the Sun’s mass stay approximately the same.
The eccentricity is very low.
During a certain comet’s orbit around the Sun, its closest distance to the Sun is 0.6 AU, and its farthest distance from the Sun is 35 AU. At what distance will the comet’s orbital velocity be the largest?
35 AU
17.8 AU
1.2 AU
0.6 AU
The comet’s velocity is constant no matter what its distance is.
Kepler’s third law for our Solar System can be expressed mathematically as

P ∝ A.

P2 ∝ A2.

P2 ∝ A3.

P3 ∝ A2.

P ∝ A2.

Kepler’s third law is a relationship between an orbiting object’s

gravitational force and mass.
acceleration and mass.
velocity and period.
period and semimajor axis.
semimajor axis and velocity.
Which equation represents the relationship of the planet’s period to its semimajor axis in data shown in the figure below?

P ∝ A

P2 ∝ A2

P3 ∝ A2

P2 ∝ A3

P ∝ A3




Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. vii

  The distance between the foci when the eccentricity equals zero is
equal to the semimajor axis.
equal to the semiminor axis.
half the semimajor axis.
zero.
  According to Kepler’s laws, a comet with a highly eccentric orbit will

spend most of its time near the Sun.
spend most of its time far from the Sun.
always be the same distance from the Sun.
spend the same amount of time everywhere.

  The average distance between a planet and the Sun is given by the _________ of its elliptical orbit.
radius
semiminor axis
eccentricity
semimajor axis
distance between the foci
  The eccentricity of the majority of the planetary orbits in our Solar System is approximately
0.
1.
0.5.
0.2.
infinity.
  An empirical science is one that is based on
assumptions.
calculus.
computer models.
observed data.
hypotheses.
  The fact that Kepler’s heliocentric model of the Solar System predicted _________ more easily and accurately than the geocentric model is an illustration of how scientific theories evolve by the scientific method.
solar eclipses
lunar eclipses
retrograde motion of planets
prograde motion of planets
the duration of the seasons

  A circular orbit has an eccentricity of _________ and a very elliptical orbit has an eccentricity of _________.
1; 0
1; 1
0; infinity
0; 1
infinity; 0







Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. viii


Galileo’s telescopic observations of the _________ led him to conclude that the heliocentric model of the Solar System was correct.
motion of Jupiter and Saturn
motion of Venus
moons of Jupiter and phases of Venus
phases of the Moon
epicycles of Mars

Galileo observed what the geocentric astronomers viewed as imperfections. These observations helped Galileo to show that the heliocentric model was the more accurate model. Which was not an observation of Galileo?

The Moon had craters.
sunspots
the moons of Jupiter
Venus’ phases

the moons of Saturn

A 100-kg astronaut throws a 1-kg wrench with a force of 1 N. What is the acceleration of the wrench after the wrench leaves the astronaut’s hand?
More information is needed.
1 m/s2
Zero
0.01 m/s2
Newton’s first law states that objects in motion

eventually come to rest.
experience an unbalanced force.
experience a nonzero acceleration.
stay in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
must be subject to zero friction.

If you travel at a velocity of 30 miles per hour (mph) during a 15-mile trip from home to school, how long does the trip take?
2 hours
0.2 hours
0.5 hour
5 hours
750 hours
Which laws have a theoretical framework behind them?
physical laws
deductive laws
empirical laws
An inertial frame of reference is
an object’s mass.

any moving frame of reference.
any frame of reference moving in a straight line at a constant velocity.
both B and C






Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. ix

 As a car drives around a corner at constant speed, the car is
 not accelerating.
 accelerating because speed is decreasing.
 accelerating because speed is increasing.
 accelerating because the direction is changing.
 Which object, masses listed, will have the largest inertia?
 1 kg
 2 kg
 10 kg
 20 kg
 50 kg

 Which object, masses listed, will experience the greatest acceleration if the same force is applied to all of them?

 1 kg
 2 kg
 10 kg
 20 kg
 50 kg
 If you traveled at a velocity of 60 mph for a 5-hour trip, how far did you travel?
 300 miles
 120 miles
 12 miles
 0.4 miles
 240 mph

 If you travel 20 miles from home to school in 30 minutes, what is your average velocity?
 20 mph
 40 mph
 0.7 mph
 5 mph
 600 mph
 The natural tendency of an object to resist changes in motion is called
 inertia.
 weight.
 acceleration.
 mass.
 velocity.
 Which of the following is a valid action-reaction force pair?
 weight force pushing down on a chair, and the chair’s normal force pushing back up

 weight force on a falling object, and the drag force pulling up
 Earth pulling on the Moon, and the Moon pulling on Earth
 you pushing on a box, and the box moving











Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. x


If a superior planet is observed from Earth to have a synodic period of 1.2 years, what is its sidereal period?

  0.54 years
  1.8 years
  2.3 years
  4.0 years
  6.0 years

If the synodic period of Venus is observed from Earth to be 1.6 years, Venus’ sidereal period is _____ years.
  1.9
  0.45
  0.28
  1.6
  0.62
If the synodic period of Mars is observed from Earth to be 2.1 years, what is Mars’s sidereal period?
  5.3 years
  0.47 years
  1.9 years
  3.4 years
  0.69 year

If you start from rest and accelerate at 15 mph/s for 5 seconds, how fast will you be traveling at the end?
  75 mph
  45 mph
  3 mph
  12 mph
  20 mph
If the sidereal period of Jupiter is 11.9 years, what is Jupiter’s synodic period as observed from Earth?
  2.3 years
  0.84 years
  0.92 years
  1.09 years
  1.5 years

Suppose an asteroid had an orbit with a semimajor axis of 4 AU. How long would it take for it to orbit once around the Sun?

  76 years
  45 years
  8 years
  16 years
  2 years








Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xi


If Jupiter has an orbital period of 12 years, what value is closest to its average distance from the Sun?

  2 AU
  25 AU
  10 AU
  5 AU
  144 AU
The dwarf planet named Eris orbits the Sun with a semimajor axis of 68 AU. Using
Kepler’s third law, Eris’s orbital period is

  26 years.
  130 years.
  72 years.
  240 years.
  560 years.

Kepler’s third law says that a comet with a period of 160 years will have a semimajor axis of
  30 AU.
  50 AU.
  90 AU.
  140 AU.
  210 AU.
A comet orbits the Sun with a semimajor axis of 90 AU. Using Kepler’s third law, the comet’s orbital period is approximately
  850 years.

  630 years.
  410 years.
  180 years.
  90 years.
.
If Neptune has a semimajor axis of 19 AU, its orbital period is
  45 years.
  83 years.
  130 years.
  220 years.
  380 years.

If Mercury has an orbital period of about 88 days, what is its average distance from the Sun?

  0.2 AU
  0.01 AU
  0.05 AU
  0.4 AU
  0.7 AU








Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xii

What is your acceleration if you go from 0 to 60 mph in 4 seconds?
  60 mph/s
  30 mph/s
  15 mph/s
  8.5 mph/s
  240 mph/s

If you apply a force of 10 N to a grocery cart and get an acceleration of 0.5 m/s2, then the mass of the grocery cart is

  5 kg.
  0.05 kg.
  20 kg.
  50 kg.
  0.20 kg.

If a 100-kg astronaut pushes on a 5,000-kg satellite and the satellite experiences an acceleration of 0.1 m/s2, what is the acceleration experienced by the astronaut in the opposite direction?

  5 m/s2
  10 m/s2
  50 m/s2
  0.1 m/s2
  1000 m/s2

If you start from rest and accelerate at 10 mph/s and end up traveling at 60 mph, how long did it take?
  1 second
  6 seconds
  600 seconds
  0.6 seconds
  200 seconds

You apply a force of 10 N to a grocery cart in order to get an acceleration of 0.5 m/s2. If you apply a force of 20 N to the same grocery cart, its acceleration will be

  10 m/s2.
  1 m/s2.
  0.5 m/s2.
  0.25m/s2.
  20 m/s2.
f.

SHORT ANSWER

When an inferior planet has reached its largest angular separation from the Sun on the sky, what is this called?

What does the term conjunction mean in planetary orbits?

If Venus is at inferior conjunction, what phase would we observe from Earth?





Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xiii

Explain what is meant by retrograde motion only being an “observational artifact” in the heliocentric system.


Why were epicycles used in the geocentric system? Who first introduced epicycles?

Who was the first notable historical figure to argue that Earth orbits the Sun? Name two other people who were instrumental in arguing for the heliocentric model.

Based on the figure below, explain why an inferior planet is most likely to be seen when it is at one of its greatest elongations.

Based on the figure below, explain why, when a superior planet is in opposition, it will be visible from Earth all night long.

Based on the figure below, explain why a superior planet, when it is at conjunction, will not be seen at all from Earth during the night.

Based on the figure below, explain why an inferior planet would not be able to be seen at all from Earth when it is in conjunction.

In the heliocentric model of the Solar System, does retrograde motion occur for superior or inferior planets? (It might help you to draw some illustrations to answer this question.)

How was retrograde motion explained in the geocentric system?

Explain how the Occam’s razor argument influenced whether people believed in the heliocentric or the geocentric model of the Solar System.

In a period of three months, a planet travels 30,000 km with an average speed of 10.5 km/s. Sometime later, the same planet travels 65,000 km in three months. How fast is the planet traveling at this later time? During which period is the planet closer to the Sun?

What do we customarily call the semimajor axis of a circular orbit? What is the value of the





Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xiv

eccentricity of a circle? What might the value of the eccentricity be for a comet on a very

elliptical orbit around the Sun?

Explain where and why a planet in an elliptical orbit has the highest and lowest orbital speeds.

Which of Kepler’s laws is sometimes referred to as the law of equal areas? Which of

Kepler’s laws is sometimes referred to the harmonic law?

Draw a diagram showing the relative positions Earth, Venus, and the Sun that produce a

“new” phase of Venus.

Given that the solar system is heliocentric, do you expect any planet besides Venus to have a “new” phase? If so, why?

Galileo observed that Venus has phases, and that the angular size of Venus changes with phase. Why does this support a heliocentric solar system?

According to Aristotle, what is the natural state of all objects? In practical terms, what does this mean for moving objects? How did Galileo disagree with Aristotle’s theory?

Name the two ways in which an object’s motion (meaning its velocity) can experience a nonzero acceleration.

In terms of frames of reference, explain why an object moving in a straight line at constant speed remains in motion.

You are following a construction vehicle on the road in your car. A large object falls off the construction vehicle. What happens to this object while it is still in the air, neglecting air resistance.

If a 100-kg asteroid collides with Earth, causing the asteroid to slows down in one second from 1,000 m/s to 0 m/s, what acceleration will Earth experience according to Newton’s




Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xv


third law? (For reference, Earth has a mass of approximately 6 × 1024 kg.)


Explain why your downward weight force (gravity pulling on you) and the chair’s upward normal force are not an action-reaction force pair.

Explain how the synodic and sidereal periods of a planet are defined. Why are they not the same? Explain how they are related to one another.

Assume that at sunset today, Jupiter appears to be 20 degrees away from the Sun. If the sidereal period of Jupiter is 12 years, when will it next appear exactly in this same position relative to the Sun?

Saturn has a semimajor axis of 9.6 AU. How long does it take Saturn to orbit once around the Sun?

.

What acceleration would result from a 5-N force acting on a 3-kg object? (Recall that 1 N =


1 kg m/s2.)











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Chapter 4: Gravity and Orbits

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Define the bold-faced vocabulary terms within the chapter.

Multiple Choice: 3, 4, 7, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 47

Short Answer:

4.1 Gravity Is a Force Between Any Two Objects due to Their Masses Differentiate gravity, mass, and weight.

Multiple Choice: 1, 2, 10, 12

Describe the behavior of the gravitational force using Newton’s universal law of gravitation.

Multiple Choice: 5, 6

Short Answer:

Use Newton’s universal law of gravitation to quantify the force of gravity between two objects in

different physical situations.

Multiple Choice: 11, 13

Explain how gravitational force from a real object can be considered to come from that object’s

center.

Multiple Choice: 8

Short Answer: 4.2 An Orbit Is One Body “Falling around” Another

Illustrate that orbits are a perpetual state of free fall.

Multiple Choice: 23

Short Answer:

Relate an object’s speed to its orbital path.

Multiple Choice: 19, 20, 21, 22

Show how Kepler’s laws are consistent with Newton’s universal law of gravitation.

Multiple Choice: 24

4.3 Tidal Forces Are Caused by Gravity

Use Newton’s universal law of gravitation to explain why objects of real physical size

experience tidal forces. Multiple Choice: 25, 26

Short Answer: Characterize how tidal forces from the Moon and Sun cause the rise and fall of

Earth’s ocean tides.

Multiple Choice: 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Short Answer:

4.4 Tides Affect Solid Bodies

Explain how tidal forces cause orbital locks. Multiple Choice: 39, 40, 46, 50, 52

Short Answer: Describe how tidal forces change the orbital and rotational periods of objects. Multiple Choice: 38, 41, 42, 43, 51

Short Answer: Compare and contrast how tidal forces affect approaching objects of different sizes.

Multiple Choice: 44, 45, 48, 49





Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. ii

Short Answer: Working It Out 4.1

Use proportional reasoning with Newton’s universal law of gravitation to explore how changing input parameters effects the resulting force.
Multiple Choice: 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59

Short Answer: Calculate the gravitational acceleration on another planet or body. Short Answer: Working It Out 4.2

Calculate the circular and escape velocities from an object.

Multiple Choice: 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65

Short Answer: Working It Out 4.3

Calculate the mass of a central object using the orbital properties of a satellite. Multiple Choice: 66, 67, 68, 69, 70

Short Answer: Working It Out 4.4

Compute the relative strength of tidal forces from different objects.

Multiple Choice: MULTIPLE CHOICE

Two rocks (call them S and T) are released at the same time from the same height and start

from rest. Rock S has 20 times the mass of rock T. Which rock will fall faster if the only forces involved are each rock’s mutual gravitational attraction with Earth?

Rock S

Rock T

Both rocks will fall at the same rate.

Not enough information is available to answer.

Which of the following properties of an astronaut changes when he or she is standing on the Moon, relative to when the astronaut is standing on Earth?

weight

mass

inertia

Nothing changes.








Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. iii


_________ hypothesized that planetary motions could be explained by a force arising from the attraction between the mass of the planet and the Sun that decreased with the square of the distance between them.

Johannes Kepler

Isaac Newton

Tycho Brahe

Nicolaus Copernicus

Galileo Galilei

The force of gravity that an object has is directly proportional to its

inertia.

size.

mass.

density.

distance.

If the distance between Earth and the Sun were cut in half, the gravitational force between these two objects would

decrease by 4.

decrease by 2.

increase by 2.

increase by 4.

decrease by 8.

According to the progression shown in the figure below, if the distance between two objects is increased to four times its original value, the gravitational force between the two objects would be _________ times its original value.

1/2

1/32

1/4

1/16

4

Newton’s gravitational constant is

a force.

a weight.

a number.

an acceleration.

a mass.

The distance used in Newton’s law of gravitation is

the distance between the closest faces of the two objects.

the distance between the centers of the objects.

the radius of the largest object.

the radius of the smallest object.




Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. iv

always the same.

Gravity is

the strongest force.

a fundamental force.

a mutually attractive force.

a mutually repulsive force.

both B and C

An astronaut who weighs 700 N on Earth is located in empty space, very far from any other objects. Approximately what is the mass of the astronaut?

0

7 kg

70 kg

700 kg

7000 kg

Two rocks (call them S and T) are a distance of 50 km from one another. Rock S has 20 times the mass of rock T. Considering only their mutual gravitational force, which rock will accelerate faster in response to gravity?

rock S

rock T

Both rocks will have the same acceleration.

Not enough information is available to answer.

In the absence of air friction, a 0.001-kg piece of paper and a 0.1-kg notebook are dropped from the same height and allowed to fall to the ground. How do their accelerations compare?

The accelerations are the same.

The notebook’s acceleration is 100 times faster than the paper’s acceleration.

The notebook’s acceleration is 1,000 times faster than the paper’s acceleration.

The paper’s acceleration is 100 times faster than the notebook’s acceleration.

The paper’s acceleration is 1,000 times faster than the notebook’s acceleration.

According to the scales shown in the figure below, about how many times stronger is gravity on Earth than on the Moon?

20

3

2

6

They are the same.











Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. v




Which of the following is not true about orbits?

Orbits are ellipses.

Orbits can be circular.

An orbit is the path of an object in free fall around another object.

Orbits are always circular.

Objects in orbits experience acceleration.

A centripetal force is

a fundamental force.

gravity.

any force that points toward center of a circular path.

tension force.

magnetic force.

Uniform circular motion applies to which of the following orbits?

elliptical

hyperbolic

circular

parabolic

The term satellite in astronomy means

a means of communication.

a man-made object in orbit of Earth.

the Moon.

any low-mass object that is orbiting a more massive object.

none of the above

Which of the following is a bound orbit?

elliptical

hyperbolic

circular

both A and C

For which of the following orbital velocities, V, is the orbit unbound?

V = Escape velocity

V = Circular velocity

V > Escape velocity

V < Escape velocity

both A and C





Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. vi


If an object is in orbit with an orbital speed less than the escape speed but greater than the circular orbit speed, what type of orbit is it?

elliptical

hyperbolic

circular

both A and C

If an object is moving in a circular orbit at a constant speed, which of the following is false?

Its acceleration is not zero.

Its acceleration is zero.

Its velocity is not zero.

There is an unbalanced force acting on it.

All the above statements are true.

If we wanted to increase the Hubble Space Telescope’s altitude above Earth and keep it in a stable orbit, we also would need to
increase its orbital speed.

increase its weight.

decrease its weight.

decrease its orbital speed.

increase its mass.

Astronauts orbiting Earth in the space shuttle experience so-called weightlessness in space because

they are farther away from Earth.

they eat less food while in orbit.

the gravitational pull of the Moon counteracts Earth’s gravitational pull.

they are in constant free fall around Earth.

they are in space where there is no gravity.

If you measured the orbital period of the Moon and the distance between Earth and the Moon, then you could calculate

the mass of the Moon.

the sum of the masses of Earth and the Moon.

the average distance between Earth and the Sun.

the radius of Earth.

the radius of the Moon.

Why is Earth’s tidal bulge not perfectly aligned with the line connecting the centers of Earth and the Moon?
friction

Earth’s rotation

gravity

both A and B






Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. vii

Tidal forces are caused by

the weight of the water in the oceans on the ocean floor.

the strength of the gravitation pull of the Moon on Earth.

the difference between the weight of the water on the ocean floor at high and low tide.

the difference between the strength of the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun on either side of Earth.

the strength of the gravitation pull of the Moon and the Sun on Earth.

Lunar tides are approximately _________ solar tides.

2 times weaker than

2 times stronger than

200 times weaker than

200 times stronger than

the same strength as

According to the figure below, spring tides occur when the lunar and solar tides ________, resulting in _________ tides.

add; above average

partially cancel out; above average

add; below average

partially cancel out; below average

completely cancel out; no

According to the figure below, spring tides occur at which phases of the Moon?

third quarter

new and full

first and third quarters

full

new

According to the figure below, when the Moon is in between Earth and the Sun, _________

tides occur.

spring

no

neap

high

low

According to the figure below, when Earth is in between the Moon and the Sun, _________

tides occur.

spring

no

neap

high

low




Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. viii


According to the figure below, neap tides occur when the lunar and solar tides _________, resulting in _________ tides.

add; above average

partially cancel out; above average

add; below average

partially cancel out; below average

completely cancel out; no

According to the figure below, neap tides occur at which phases of the Moon?

new and full

third quarter

first and third quarters

full

new

When the Sun and Moon are separated by 90 degrees in the sky, _________ tides occur on Earth when the strength of the tides are _________ than normal.

spring; lower

spring; higher

lunar; lower

neap; lower

neap; higher

According to the figure below, a high tide at a given location will occur about ____ time(s) a day.

one

three

two

four

eight

According to the figure below, the approximate amount of time between two high tides at a given location is about

3 hours.

8 hours.

6 hours.

12 hours.

24 hours.

According to the figure below, the approximate amount of time between a high tide and a low tide at a given location is about

3 hours.

8 hours.

6 hours.

12 hours.




Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. ix

24 hours.

Because of tidal forces, which type of eclipse will become impossible first?

partial lunar

total lunar

partial solar

total solar

annular solar

In the figure below, the person on the Moon is standing at the same location on the Moon as the Moon rotates around its own axis. Based on this, we see that the Moon’s rotational period about its own axis is equal to

Earth’s rotational period.

half Earth’s rotational period.

the Moon’s orbital period.

half the Moon’s orbital period.

Earth’s orbital period around the Sun.

The Moon always keeps the same face toward Earth because of

tidal locking.

tidal forces from the Sun.

tidal forces from Earth.

tidal forces from Earth and the Sun.

all sides of the moon face Earth at one time or another.

The distance between Earth and the Moon

will never change.

is slowly decreasing.

is slowly increasing.

will increase or decrease depending on future changes in the tides on the Moon due to Earth.

will increase or decrease depending on future changes in the tides on Earth due to the Moon.

Earth’s rotation rate is slowing because of

radioactive decays in its core.

relativistic effects of gravity.

tidal forces from the Moon.

the gravitational force of the Sun.

gravitational drag from dark matter.











Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. x

The distance between Earth and the Moon is increasing because of

the expansion of the universe.

the expansion of the Solar System.

tidal forces from the Moon.

tidal forces from the Moon and Sun.

dark energy.

Which one of the statements below about a planet’s Roche limit is false?

The Roche limit is about 2.5 times the radius of gaseous planets.

Objects orbiting closer to a planet than the Roche limit are likely to be ripped apart by tidal forces.

The Roche limit is where tidal forces from an orbiting object are equal to its internal self-gravity.

Orbiting objects beyond the Roche limit from the planet do not get ripped apart by tidal forces.

The ring systems around giant planets are located beyond the Roche limit.

Tidal forces can affect

moons.

galaxies.

planets.

satellites.

all of the above

_________ may have been instrumental in shaping the interface between Earth’s land and oceans where the chemistry needed to develop life may have occurred.
Meteor showers

Collisions with comets

Earth’s Moon

Tectonic activity

A collision with a Mars-sized object

The Roche limit

is the distance at which a planet’s tidal forces become equal to self-gravity of an object.

is The limit on the amount of mass an object can have in orbit.

is the smallest orbit possible around a planet.

only applies to the giant planets.

only applies to stars.

When two galaxies collide long streams of stars can be observed. These “tails” are caused by
pressure.

magnetic forces.

tidal forces.

Roche forces.




Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xi

dark energy.

Which of the statements below are true about the Roche limit of a giant planet?

It is about equal to the radius of the planet.

It is the closest to the planet that moons normally are found.

It is the closest to the planet that rings will be found.

It is the farthest from the planet that moons normally are found.

Because they have no solid surfaces, giant planets do not have a Roche limit.

The moon keeps the same hemisphere facing Earth because the _________ is equal to the

_________.

rotational period of Earth; orbital period of the Moon around Earth

orbital period of Earth; orbital period of the Moon around Earth

orbital period of the Moon around Earth; rotational period of Earth

rotational period of the Moon; orbital period of the Moon around Earth

rotational period of Earth; orbital period of Earth

Because of the tidal force between Earth and the Moon,

Earth’s rotation rate is decreasing.

the Moon’s distance from Earth is increasing.

the Moon’s orbital period is increasing.

the Moon’s rotational period is increasing.

all of the above are true.

Because of tidal forces, for every _________ time(s) it rotates on its axis, Mercury revolves around the Sun _________ time(s).

1; 1

2; 3

3; 2

10; 1

20; 1

Suppose you are suddenly transported to a planet with 1/4 the mass of Earth but the same radius as Earth. Your weight would _________ by a factor of _________.

increase; 4

increase; 16

decrease; 4

decrease; 16

increase; 2

Suppose you are suddenly transported to a planet that had 1/4 the radius of Earth but the same mass as Earth. Your weight would _________ by a factor of _________.

increase; 4

increase; 16

decrease; 4

decrease; 16




Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xii

decrease; 8

If you weighed 150 lb on Earth, what would you weigh on Mars? For reference, Mars has a mass that is 0.1 times Earth’s mass and Mars has a radius that is 0.5 times Earth’s radius.
30 lb

110 lb

75 lb

60 lb

15 lb

If you weighed 100 lb on Earth, what would you weigh at the upper atmosphere of Jupiter?

For reference, Jupiter has a mass that is about 300 times Earth’s mass and a radius that is 10 times Earth’s radius.
10,000 lb

3,000 lb

1,000 lb

300 lb

30 lb

The force of gravity between Earth and the Sun is _________ the force of gravity between Earth and the Moon. For reference, the average distance between Earth and the Moon is 0.003 astronomical unit (AU), the mass of the Moon is 7 × 1022 kg, and the mass of the Sun is 2 × 1030 kg.

86,000 times larger than

260 times larger than

140 times smaller than

6,400 times smaller than

the same as

The force of gravity between Saturn and the Sun is _________ the force of gravity between

Earth and the Sun. For reference, Saturn is approximately 100 times more massive than Earth, and the semimajor axis of Saturn’s orbit is 10 AU.

10 times smaller than

1,000 times larger than

1,000 times smaller than

100 times larger than

approximately equal to














Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xiii


Mercury orbits the Sun with an average distance of 0.4 AU, and its mass is 0.06 times that of Earth. The gravitational force that the Sun exerts on Mercury is _______________ times the force of gravity that the Sun exerts on Earth.

20

6

4

0.4

0.1

If you have two moons that have the same radius, but Moon A is denser and has 2 times the mass of Moon B, how do their escape velocities compare?

Moon A has an escape velocity that is 1.4 times larger than Moon B.

Moon A has an escape velocity that is 1.4 times smaller than Moon B.

Moon A has an escape velocity that is 2 times smaller than Moon B.

Moon A has an escape velocity that is 2 times larger than Moon B.

Because gravity affects all masses the same, the escape velocities are the same.

The Hubble Space Telescope orbits at an altitude of 600 km above Earth’s surface. Assuming it is in a stable circular orbit, what is its velocity? For reference, Earth’s radius is 6,400 km and Earth’s mass is 6 × 1024 kg.

240,000 m/s

7,500 m/s

51,000 m/s

64,000 m/s

You also must know the mass of the Hubble Space Telescope to determine its speed.

How fast is the Moon moving as it orbits Earth? For reference, the Moon’s orbit is approximately circular with a radius equal to 400,000 km, and the Moon’s orbital period is
27 days.

1 km/s

10 km/s

50 km/

100 km/s

500 km/s

What is the escape velocity from Mars if its mass is 6 × 1023 kg and its radius is 3,400 km?

2,400 m/s

4,900 m/s

8,600 km/s

12,000 m/s

25,000 km/s







Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xiv


What is the escape velocity from a large asteroid if its mass is 6 × 1021 kg and its radius is 2,400 km?

98 km/s

210 km/s

340 m/s

580 m/s

12,400 m/s

If a satellite sent to Mars is designed to return a rock sample to Earth, how fast must the satellite be launched from its surface in order to escape Mars’s gravity? For reference, Mars has a mass of 6 × 1023 kg and a radius of 3,400 km.

100 m/s

5,000 m/s

20 m/s

20,000 m/s

You must know the mass of the satellite to determine the answer.

If you found an exoplanet whose mass was the same as Jupiter’s, but the planet orbited its star with a period of 2 years and a semimajor axis of 1 AU, what would be the mass of its star? For reference, Jupiter has a semimajor axis of 5.4 AU and an orbital period of 12 years.
0.25 MSun

0.5 MSun
2.0 MSun

1.5 MSun

Not enough information is available to answer.

Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, has an orbital period of 16 days and a semimajor axis of 1.2 × 109 m. Based on this information, what is Saturn’s mass? For reference, Earth’s mass is 6 × 1024 kg.

290 MEarth
130 MEarth
90 MEarth
40 MEarth

4 MEarth
.












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You find a moon orbiting a planet. The moon has a period of 10 days, and the average distance between the moon and planet is 106 km. What is the planet’s mass? Note that the mass of Jupiter is 1.9 × 1027 kg.

0.1 MJupiter
0.4 MJupiter
1 MJupiter

4 MJupiter

10 MJupiter

If you discovered a planet orbiting another star, and the planet had an orbital period of 2

years and a semimajor axis of 2 AU, what would be the mass of its parent star? You can assume the planet’s mass is much less than the star’s mass.
0.25 MSun

0.5 MSun
1.0 MSun
1.25 MSun
2.0 MSun

Assume that a planet just like Earth orbits the bright star named Sirius. If this Earth-like planet orbits with a semimajor axis of 1 AU and an orbital period of 7 months, what is the mass of Sirius?
3 MSun

12 MSun

8 MSun
5 MSun
17 MSun

If you doubled the distance the Moon is from Earth, by what fraction does the strength of the tidal force change?

2

1/2

1/4

1/8

1/16

SHORT ANSWER

Is there a difference in your weight when measured on top of a mountain 1,000 meters above sea level and when measured in a classroom 10 meters above sea level?

Newton’s law of gravity says that gravity is a mutually attractive force. Explain the




Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xvi

following observation. A small object is dropped on Earth and we see it fall toward Earth.

However, we do not observe Earth moving toward the object.

Explain why the gravitational force an object experiences from Earth can be considered to come from the center of Earth.

Explain what the terms circular velocity and escape velocity mean. Give the formula for each and explain what each mathematical symbol represents.

Explain the difference between a bound orbit and an unbound orbit.

Explain the difference between being weightless and being in free fall.

Explain the origin of tidal forces on Earth due to the Moon.

Do tidal forces only affect the water on Earth?

Why are there high and low tides each day instead of having the same tide all day during a given phase of the Moon?

If Earth did not have a moon, would we still have tides because of the Sun.? If so, explain how they might be different, or why they might remain unchanged.

Consider the figure below, which illustrates the tidal bulge on Earth’s oceans due to the

Moon and four people at different longitudes on Earth from the point of view of an observer looking down on the North Pole of Earth. If you were to arrive at the beach and find that the Moon was visible in the western half of the sky, then is the tide most likely to be coming in and the water level rising; or is the tide going out and the water level going down? Explain the rationale for your answer.

Which is larger, the tidal force on Earth due to the Moon or the tidal force on Earth due to the Sun, and by approximately how much? Explain conceptually why this is possible given that the gravitational force of the Sun on Earth is 200 times larger than the gravitational




Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xvii

force of the Moon on Earth.

Consider the figure below, which illustrates the tidal bulge on Earth’s oceans due to the

Moon and Sun from an observer looking down on the North Pole of Earth. At what phase of the Moon will the lowest tides of the year occur? Explain the rationale for your answer either in words or with a sketch.

Show that the tidal force on Earth from the Moon is approximately two times the tidal force on Earth from the Sun. For reference, the Moon’s mass is 7.3 ×1022 kg, the Sun’s mass is 2


× 1030 kg, the Earth−Moon distance is 3.8 × 105 km, and the Earth−Sun distance is 1.5 ×

108 km.

Explain why the Moon rotates in the same amount of time as it takes to orbit once around Earth.

Explain what the Roche limit is and how it is related to rings around giant planets.




Explain why Saturn’s rings do not clump together to form a moon.

Earth’s tidal bulge “leads” the Moon in its orbit. Does this have any effect on the Moon?

Imagine a planet in a very eccentric elliptical orbit around a Star. This planet has no moons, but it has oceans. This planet’s orbit is not tidally locked. Are there tides? If so, explain how they would behave.

Show that the gravitational pull on Earth from the Sun is about 200 times the gravitational pull on Earth from the Moon. For reference, Moon’s mass is 7.3 × 10 22 kg, the Sun’s mass


is 2 × 1030 kg, the Earth−Moon distance is 3.8 × 105 km, and the Earth−Sun distance is 1.5






Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xviii


× 108 km.


How much stronger is the gravitational force of the Sun on Earth compared to the gravitational force of the Sun on Pluto? Note that Pluto’s semimajor axis is 40, AU, and
Pluto’s mass is 0.002 times the mass of Earth.

How does the force of gravity between the Sun and Mercury compare to the gravitational force between the Sun and Earth? Note that the semimajor axis of Mercury’s orbit is 0.4

AU, and Mercury’s mass is 0.06 times the mass of Earth.

How does the force of gravity between the Sun and Jupiter compare to the gravitational force between the Sun and Earth? Note that the semimajor axis of Jupiter’s orbit is 5.2 AU, and Jupiter’s mass is 320 times the mass of Earth.

How would the acceleration due to gravity on a planet that is 16 times as massive as Earth and 4 times its radius compared to the acceleration of gravity on Earth?

Saturn has 95 times the mass of Earth, and its atmosphere extends outward 9.5 times Earth’s radius. How does the acceleration due to gravity at the edge of Saturn’s atmosphere compare to that on Earth?
Mars has about one-tenth the mass of Earth and half Earth’s radius. How does the acceleration of gravity on Mars compare to that on Earth?
What is the velocity one would need to give a satellite in order for it to escape from the

Solar System (meaning escape the Sun’s gravity) if it was launched from Earth at a distance of 1 AU from the Sun? Give your answer in units of m/s.
The International Space Station orbits at an altitude of 400 km above Earth’s surface. Assuming it is in a stable circular orbit, what is its velocity? For reference, Earth’s radius is 6,400 km, and Earth’s mass is 6 × 1024 kg and G = 6.7 × 10−11 N m2/kg2.



Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xix


What two pieces of information would you need to obtain about one of the moons of the planet Jupiter in order to measure the mass of Jupiter? What formulae would you use to determine the mass?

You discover a moon orbiting a planet. The moon has an orbital period of three weeks, and the average distance between the moon and planet is 1.2 × 106 km. What is the planet’s


mass? Compare its mass to that of Jupiter, which is 1.9 × 1027 kg.









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Chapter 5: Light


LEARNING OBJECTIVES


Define the bold-faced vocabulary terms within the chapter.

Multiple Choice: 10, 11, 12, 13, 35

Short Answer: 5.1 Light Brings Us the News of the Universe

Summarize the electromagnetic properties of light. Multiple Choice: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 23, 25

Short Answer: Explain how and when light acts like a wave, and when it acts like a particle. Multiple Choice: 15, 16, 17

Relate color, wavelength, and energy of photons. Multiple Choice: 6, 7, 8, 14, 18, 19, 24

Short Answer: List the names and wavelength ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. Multiple Choice: 9, 20, 21, 22

5.2 The Quantum View of Matter Explains Spectral Lines Illustrate the processes of atomic absorption and emission of light.

Multiple Choice: 27, 28, 29, 38

Short AnswerRelate spectral features to changes in energy state of an atom. Multiple Choice: 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39

Short Answer: 5.3 The Doppler Shift Indicates Motion Toward or Away from Us

Explain why radial motion produces a Doppler shift. Multiple Choice: 40, 41, 42, 43, 46

Short Answer:

5.4 Temperature Determines the Spectrum of Light That an Object Emits Summarize what it means for a system to be in equilibrium.

Multiple Choice: 44


Relate temperature to the rate of thermal motions. Multiple Choice: 45, 52

Short Answer: Illustrate the relationship between flux and luminosity. Multiple Choice: 53

Characterize how blackbody spectra describe the luminosity, temperature, and color of an object. Multiple Choice: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56

Short Answer: 5.5 The Brightness of Light Depends on Its Luminosity and Distance

Use the inverse square law to relate luminosity, brightness, and distance.

Multiple Choice: 57, 58, 59

Short Answer: Working It Out 5.2

Use the Doppler equation to relate radial velocity with shifts in the wavelengths of spectral lines. Multiple Choice: 60, 61, 62

Working It Out 5.3

Use the Stefan-Boltzmann law to relate temperature, flux, and luminosity of a blackbody.

Short Answer: Use Wien’s law to relate the temperature and peak wavelength of blackbody

emission.

Multiple Choice: 63, 64, 65

Short Answer: Working It Out 5.4

Calculate a planet’s temperature based on its parent star and albedo.

Multiple Choice: 66, 67, 68, 69, 70

Short Answer: MULTIPLE CHOICE

The speed of light was first determined by which scientist?

Galileo

Newton

Kepler

Rømer

Einstein

The speed of light in a vacuum is

300,000 m/s.

300,000 mph.

300,000 km/s.

300,000,000 mph.

infinite.







Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. ii





What is the difference between visible light and X-rays?

Speed; X-rays go faster than visible light.

Speed; X-rays go slower than visible light.

Wavelength; X-rays have a shorter wavelength than visible light.

Wavelength; X-rays have a longer wavelength than visible light.

X-rays are made up of particles, whereas visible light is made up of waves.

How does the speed of light traveling through a medium (such as air or glass) compare to the speed of light in a vacuum?

It is the same as the speed of light in a vacuum.

It is always less than the speed of light in a vacuum.

It is always greater than the speed of light in a vacuum.

Sometimes it is greater than the speed of light in a vacuum and sometimes it is less, depending on the medium.

Light can’t travel through a medium; it only can go through a vacuum.

A light-year is a unit that is used to measure

time.

wavelength.

speed.

energy.

distance.

Which formula denotes how the speed of light is related to its wavelength and frequency?

C = λF

C = λ/F

C = F/λ

C = 1/λF

There is no relationship between wavelength and frequency.

The color of visible light is determined by its

speed.

wavelength.

mass.

distance from you.

size.

How do the wavelength and frequency of red light compare to the wavelength and frequency of blue light?

Red light has a longer wavelength and higher frequency than blue light.

Red light has a longer wavelength and lower frequency than blue light.

Red light has a shorter wavelength and higher frequency than blue light.

Red light has a shorter wavelength and lower frequency than blue light.


Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. iii









What wavelengths of light can the human eye see?

3.8 µm to 7.5 µm

3.8 nm to 7.5 nm

380 cm to 750 cm

380 nm to 750 nm

3.8 m to 7.5 m

What does amplitude reveal about light?

wavelength

frequency

speed

brightness

The unit Hertz is a measure of what quantity?

wavelength

frequency

speed

brightness


When talking about a wave, what does the term “medium” refer to?

the size of an object

the substance through which the wave travels

the brightness level

the vacuum

A nanometer is a measure of which quantity?

wavelength

frequency

speed

brightness






Which of the following photons carries the smallest amount of energy?

a blue photon of the visible spectrum, whose wavelength is 450 nm

an infrared photon, whose wavelength is 10−5 m

a red photon in the visible spectrum, whose wavelength is 700 nm

a microwave photon, whose wavelength is 10−2 m

an ultraviolet photon, whose wavelength is 300 nm



Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. iv



Einstein showed that the _________ could be explained if photons carried quantized amounts of energy.

warping of space and time

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

photoelectric effect

theory of special relativity

Bohr model of the atom

Light has aspects of

only a wave.

only a particle.

both a particle and a wave.

neither a particle nor a wave.

Saying that something is quantized means that it

is a wave.

is a particle.

travels at the speed of light.

can only have discrete quantities.

is smaller than an atom.

A red photon has a wavelength of 650 nm. An ultraviolet photon has a wavelength of 250 nm. The energy of an ultraviolet photon is _________ the energy of a red photon.

2.6 times larger than

6.8 times larger than

2.6 times smaller than

6.8 times smaller than

the same as

Light with a wavelength of 600 nm has a frequency of

2 × 105 Hz

5 × 107 Hz

2 × 1010 Hz

5 × 1012 Hz

5 × 1014 Hz

Which of the following lists different types of electromagnetic radiation in order from the shortest wavelength to the longest wavelength?

radio waves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays

gamma rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, radio waves

gamma rays, X-rays, infrared, visible, ultraviolet

X-rays, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, radio waves

radio waves, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, gamma rays



Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. v



As wavelength increases, the energy of a photon _________ and its frequency _________.

increases; decreases

increases; increases

decreases; decreases

decreases; increases

If the frequency of a beam of light were to increase, its period would _________ and its wavelength would _________.

decrease; increase

increase; decrease

increase; increase

decrease; decrease

stay the same; stay the same

The fact that the speed of light is constant as it travels through a vacuum means that

photons with longer wavelengths have lower frequencies.

radio wave photons have shorter wavelengths than gamma ray photons.

X-rays can be transmitted through the atmosphere around the world.

ultraviolet photons have less energy than visible photons.

If the wavelength of a beam of light were to double, how would that affect its frequency?

The frequency would be four times higher.

The frequency would be two times higher.

The frequency would be two times lower.

The frequency would be four times lower.

There is no relationship between wavelength and frequency.

If the Sun instantaneously stopped giving off light, what would happen on the day-side of Earth?

It would immediately get dark.

It would get dark 8.3 minutes later.

It would get dark 27 minutes later.

It would get dark 1 hour later.

It would get dark 24 hours later.

When an electron moves from a higher energy level in an atom to a lower energy level,

the atom is ionized.

a continuous spectrum is emitted.

a photon is emitted.

a photon is absorbed.

the electron loses mass.

If you observe an isolated hot cloud of gas, you will see

an absorption spectrum.

a continuous spectrum.

an emission spectrum.

a rainbow spectrum.


Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. vi

a dark spectrum.


Which of these objects would emit an absorption spectrum?

an incandescent lightbulb

a fluorescent lightbulb

an isolated hot gas cloud

a hot, solid object

a thin, cool gas cloud that lies in front of a hotter blackbody

If you observe a star, you will see

an absorption spectrum.

a continuous spectrum.

an emission spectrum.

a rainbow spectrum.

a dark spectrum.

In the energy level diagram shown in the figure below, the electron is excited to the E4 energy level. If the electron transitions to an energy level giving off a photon, which level would produce a photon with the largest energy?
E1

E2

E3

E4

E5

In the energy level diagram shown in the figure below, the electron is excited to the E4 energy level. If the electron transitions to an energy level giving off a photon, which level would produce a photon with the largest frequency?
E1

E2

E3

E4

E5

In the energy level diagram shown in the figure below, the electron is excited to the E4 energy level. If the electron transitions to an energy level giving off a photon, which level would produce a photon with the largest wavelength?
E1

E2

E3

E4

E5











Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. vii







In the energy level diagram shown in the figure below, the electron is excited to the E2 energy level. If the atom absorbs a photon with the exact frequency to move the electron to another energy level, which energy level would correspond to the largest frequency difference?
E1

E2

E3

E4

E5

In the energy level diagram shown in the figure below, the electron is excited to the E2 energy level. If the atom absorbs a photon with the exact wavelength to move the electron to another energy level, which energy level would correspond to the largest wavelength difference?
E1

E2

E3

E4

E5

Astronomers measure the amount of various elements in other stars and most commonly compare them to which of the following when studying the composition of a star?

solar abundance

big bang abundance

terrestrial abundance

water

In the figure below, you see a stellar spectrum. The dip in the data near 650 nm corresponds most closely with which of the following?

sodium emission

sodium absorption

hydrogen emission

hydrogen absorption

iron absorption

Why is a neutral iron atom a different element than a neutral carbon atom?

A carbon atom has fewer neutrons in its nucleus than an iron atom.

An iron atom has more protons in its nucleus than a carbon atom.

An iron atom has more electrons than a carbon atom.

A carbon atom is bigger than an iron atom.

In the quantum mechanical view of the atom, electrons are often depicted as

a cloud that is centered on the nucleus.

a particle orbiting the nucleus.


Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. viii

free to orbit at any distance from the nucleus.

a particle inside the nucleus.

The n = 5 electronic energy level in a hydrogen atom is 1.5 × 10−19 J higher than the n = 3 level. If an electron moves from the n = 5 level to the n = 3 level, then a photon of wavelength

1.3 nm, which is in the ultraviolet region, is emitted.

1.3 nm, which is in the ultraviolet region, is absorbed.

1,300 nm, which is in the infrared region, is absorbed.

1,300 nm, which is in the infrared region, is emitted.

No light will be absorbed or emitted.

The Doppler shift can be used to determine the _________ of an object.

energy

temperature

radial velocity

color

three-dimensional velocity

A spaceship is traveling toward Earth while giving off a constant radio signal with a wavelength of 1 meter (m). What will the signal look like to people on Earth?

a signal with a wavelength less than 1 m

a signal with a wavelength more than 1 m

a signal moving faster than the speed of light

a signal moving slower than the speed of light

a signal with a wavelength of 1 m, moving the normal speed of light

Which of these stars would have the biggest redshift?

a star moving at low speed toward you

a star moving at high speed toward you

a star moving at low speed away from you

a star moving at high speed away from you

a star that is not moving away from you or toward you

A spaceship is traveling from planet B on the left, toward planet A on the right. The spaceship is traveling at a speed of 15,000 km/s to the left while it sends out a signal with a wavelength of 4 m. If astronomers living on planets A and B measure the radio waves coming from the spaceship, what wavelengths will they measure?

Planet A measures 6 m, and planet B measures 2 m.

Planet A measures 2 m, and planet B measures 6 m.

Planet A measures 4.2 m, and planet B measures 3.8 m.

Planet A measures 3.8 m, and planet B measures 4.2 m.

Both Planet A and planet B measure 4 m.

What does it mean to say that an object is in thermal equilibrium?

It isn’t absorbing any energy.

It isn’t radiating any energy.



Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. ix

It is radiating more energy than it is absorbing.

It is absorbing more energy than it is radiating.

It is absorbing the same amount of energy that it is radiating.

The Kelvin temperature scale is used in astronomy because

at 0 K an object has absolutely zero energy.

water freezes at 0 K.

water boils at 100 K.

hydrogen freezes at 0 K.

the highest temperature possible is 1000 K.

You observe the spectrum of two stars. Star A has an emission line from a known element at 600 nm. Star B has emission lines from the same atom, but the emission line is occurring at 650 nm. One possible explanation for this observation is: that star A is

cooler than star B.

farther away from us than star B.

moving toward us faster than star B.

made of different elements than star B.

larger than star B.

In the figure below, which blackbody spectrum corresponds to the object with the highest temperature?

A

B

C

D

E

In the figure below, which blackbody spectrum corresponds to the object that would appear the most red to the human eye?

A

B

C

D

E

In the figure below, which blackbody spectrum corresponds to the object that would appear white to the human eye?

A

B

C

D

E

As a blackbody’s temperature increases, it also becomes _________ and _________.

more luminous; redder

more luminous; bluer

less luminous; redder



Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. x

less luminous; bluer

more luminous; stays the same color

Compare two blackbody objects, one at 200 K and one at 400 K. How much larger is the flux from the 400 K object compared to the flux from the 200 K object?

2 times larger

4 times larger

8 times larger

16 times larger

They have the same flux.

At what temperature does water freeze?

0 K

32 K

100 K

273 K

373 K

You observe a red star and a blue star and are able to determine that they are the same size. Which star has a higher surface temperature, and which star is more luminous?

The red star has a higher surface temperature and more luminous.

The red star has a higher surface temperature, and the blue star is more luminous.

The blue star has a higher surface temperature and more luminous.

The blue star has a higher surface temperature, and the red star is more luminous.

They have the same luminosities and temperatures.

At what peak wavelength does your body radiate the most given that your temperature is approximately that of Earth, which is 300 K?
10−5 m

10−3 m

10−2 m

10 m

1,000 m

Why do some stars in the sky appear blue, whereas other stars appear red?

The red stars have higher surface temperatures than the blue stars.

The blue stars have higher surface temperatures than the red stars.

The blue stars are closer to us than the red stars.

The red stars are closer to us than the blue stars.

The blue stars are moving toward us, while red stars are moving away from us.

Consider an incandescent lightbulb. If you wanted to turn a 10-W lightbulb into a 100-W lightbulb, how would you change the temperature of the filament inside the bulb?

Raise its temperature by a factor of 3.2.

Raise its temperature by a factor of 1.8.

Raise its temperature by a factor of 10.




Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xi

Lower its temperature by a factor of 2.6.

Lower its temperature by a factor of 5.4.

Star A and star B appear equally bright in the sky. Star A is twice as far away from Earth as star B. How do the luminosities of stars A and B compare?

Star A is twice as luminous as star B.

Star B is twice as luminous as star A.

Star A is four times as luminous as star B.

Star B is four times as luminous as star A.

Stars A and B have the same luminosity.

Star C and star D have the same luminosity. Star C is twice as far away from Earth as star D. How do the brightnesses of stars C and D compare?

Star C appears four times as bright as star D.

Star C appears twice as bright as star D.

Star D appears twice as bright as star C.

Star D appears four times as bright as star C.

Stars C and D appear equally bright.

The average red giant in the night sky is about 1,000 times more luminous than the average main-sequence star. If both kinds of stars have about the same brightness, how much farther away are the red giants compared to the main-sequence stars?

32 times farther

1,000 times farther

65 times farther

5.6 times farther

The red giants and main-sequence stars have approximately the same distances.

You are driving on the freeway when a police officer records a shift of −7 nm when he or

she your speed with a radar gun that operates at a wavelength of 0.1 m. How fast were you going?

43 mph

83 mph

21 mph

65 mph

47 mph

You record the spectrum of a star and find that a calcium absorption line has an observed wavelength of 394.0 nm. This calcium absorption line has a rest wavelength is 393.3 nm. What is the radial velocity of this star?

5,000 km/s

500 km/s

50 km/s

5 km/s

0.5 km/s






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62. If you find that the hydrogen alpha line in a star’s spectrum occurs at a wavelength of 656.45 nm, what is the star’s radial velocity? Note that the rest wavelength of this line is
656.30 nm.

150 km/s away from you

150 km/s toward you

350 km/s toward you

70 km/s away from you

70 km/s toward you

.

If Jupiter has a temperature of 165 K, at what wavelength does its spectrum peak? Use the electromagnetic spectrum in the figure below to answer this question.

18 nm—orange visible wavelengths

1,800 mm—microwave wavelengths

1,800 nm—infrared wavelengths

18,000 nm—ultraviolet wavelengths

18,000 nm—infrared wavelengths

If the typical temperature of a red giant is 3000 K, at what wavelength is its radiation the brightest? Use the electromagnetic spectrum in the figure below to help you answer this question.

1 µm—infrared wavelengths

1 µm—red visible wavelengths

20 µm—infrared wavelengths

20 µm—red visible wavelengths

700 µm—red visible wavelengths

If a star has a peak wavelength of 290 nm, what is its surface temperature?

1000 K

2000 K

5000 K

10,000 K

100,000 K

A black car left in the sunlight becomes hotter than a white car left in the sunlight under the same conditions because

the white car absorbs more sunlight than the black car.

the white car reflects more sunlight than the black car.

the black car absorbs only blue photons and reflects red photons, whereas the white car absorbs only red photons and reflects blue photons.

the atoms in the black car are smaller than the atoms in the white car.]





Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xiii





Which of the following factors does NOT  directly influence the temperature of a planet?

the luminosity of the Sun

the distance of the planet from the Sun

the albedo of the planet

the size of the planet

the atmosphere of the planet

An asteroid with an albedo of 0.1 and a comet with an albedo of 0.6 are orbiting at roughly the same distance from the Sun. How do their temperatures compare?

They both have the same temperature.

The comet is hotter than the asteroid.

The asteroid is hotter than the comet.

You must know their sizes to compare their temperatures.

You must know their compositions to compare their temperatures.

Which of these planets would be expected to have the highest average temperature?

a light-colored planet close to the Sun

a dark-colored planet close to the Sun

a light-colored planet far from the Sun

a dark-colored planet far from the Sun

There is not enough information to know which would be hotter.

If Saturn has a semimajor axis of 10 astronomical units (AU) and an albedo of 0.7. If Saturn were to emit the same amount of energy as it absorbs from the Sun, what is Saturn’s expected temperature?

130 K

15 K

35 K

170 K

65 K

SHORT ANSWER

Compare and contrast the wavelengths, frequencies, speeds, and energies of red and blue photons.

How is the energy of a photon related to its, frequency, wavelength, and speed?

What is the intensity of light, and how does it depend on wavelength?

What is an electromagnetic wave?

The first five energy levels of hydrogen are E1 = 0 eV, E2 = 10.2 eV, E3 = 12.1 eV, E4 =


12.7 eV, and E5 = 13.1 eV. If the electron is in the n = 4 level, what energies can a single


emitted photon have?


Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xiv

Explain what the term “ground state” means.

Explain how continuous, emission, and absorption spectra are produced.

How are atoms excited, and why do they become de-excited?

Explain how an emission line is formed, and why it is unique to a given element.


The difference in energy between the n = 2 and n = 1 electronic energy levels in the hydrogen atom is 1.6 × 10−18 J. If an electron moves from the n = 1 level to the n = 2 level,


will a photon be emitted or absorbed? What will its energy be, and what type of electromagnetic radiation is it? Use the electromagnetic spectrum shown in the figure below to answer this question.

Describe, in your own words, why electrons cannot orbit the nucleus like the planets orbit Why do we see black lines in an absorption spectrum if the absorbed photons are (almost) instantaneously reemitted by the atoms in the cloud?

For a star that lies in the plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun, how does the observed wavelength of the hydrogen absorption line at 656.28 nm in its spectrum change in wavelength (if at all) with the time of year?

A spaceship approaches Earth at 0.9 times the speed of light and shines a powerful searchlight onto Earth. How fast will the photons from this searchlight be moving when they hit Earth?

If you are standing in a fixed location, you may notice that the pitch of a passing train’s whistle changes. What produces this effect?

Suppose you observe a star emitting a certain emission line of helium at 584.8 nm. The rest wavelength of this line is 587.6 nm. How fast is the star moving? Is it moving toward you or away from you?

Imagine a satellite is orbiting a planet. This satellite gives off radio waves with a constant wavelength of 1 m. An observer on Earth then measures the signal from the satellite when it is directly between Earth and the planet. How does the wavelength received compare to the wavelength that the satellite gave off?

Explain what is meant when someone says “thermal motions.”

Sketch two blackbody curves, one for a hot blue object and the second for a cooler red object. Be sure to label your axes.

How does temperature relate to the speed of gas particles?





Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xv


Name four physical properties of an object that we can determine by analyzing the radiation that it emits, and briefly describe how these properties are determined. Cite the names of any laws that apply.

Imagine you observed three different stars: a red star, a blue star, and a yellow star. You are able to determine that each of these stars has the same radius. Answer each question below and explain how you know.

Which star has the highest surface temperature?

Which star is the most luminous?

Which star is the brightest?

If you were driving down a deserted country road and you saw a light in the distance, what would you need to measure or know about it in order to calculate how far away it was?

Imagine you see a street lamp that is 100 m away from you and is 10,000 times more luminous than a firefly. How close would you have to be to the firefly to make it look as bright as the street lamp?

How much would you have to change the temperature of an object if you wanted to increase its flux by a factor of 100?

If you want a blackbody’s peak wavelength to be cut in half, by how much do you need to increase its temperature?
What two factors control a planet’s surface temperature if it has no atmosphere, and no internal source of heat?

How can the average temperature of Earth stay approximately constant even though Earth is always getting energy from the Sun?

Astronomers have now found a large number of exoplanets, which are planets that orbit around stars other than the Sun. Imagine astronomers found a planet identical to Earth orbiting a star that had the same radius as the Sun, but with a temperature that is twice the temperature of the Sun. How far would this new planet need to be away from its star to have the same average temperature as Earth?

What would you expect the temperature of a comet to be if its distance was 100 AU from the Sun? Assume that it is very icy and reflective so that its albedo is equal to 0.6. Does it matter what the radius of the comet is?







Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xvi





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Chapter 6: The Tools of the Astronomer

LEARNING OBJECTIVES


Define the bold-faced vocabulary terms within the chapter. Multiple Choice: 3, 18, 30, 38, 39, 40

Short Answer: 6.1 The Optical Telescope Revolutionized Astronomy

Characterize why telescopes are important astronomical tools. Multiple Choice: 1, 2

Illustrate the processes of reflection and refraction. Multiple Choice: 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20

Short Answer: Compare and contrast the design, construction, and optical characteristics of reflecting and refracting telescopes.

Multiple Choice: 4, 5, 6, 17, 19

Short Answer: Relate resolution to telescope design. Multiple Choice: 21, 22, 23

Short Answer: Illustrate the effects of atmospheric seeing. Multiple Choice: 10, 11

Short Answer: Assess what makes a good location for a telescope on Earth. 6.2 Optical Detectors and Instruments Used with Telescopes

Relate the optical properties of the human eye to film or a CCD camera. Multiple Choice: 24, 28, 35, 36

Short Answer: Explain why photographic plates and CCD cameras are important tools of astronomy.

Multiple Choice: 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 42 Distinguish between imaging and spectroscopy.

Multiple Choice: 29, 31, 32

Short Answer: 6.3 Astronomers Observe in Wavelengths Beyond the Visible

Explain when and why it is advantageous or necessary to place telescopes in space.

Multiple Choice: 41, 45, 48

Compare and contrast the practical utility of observing on the ground and from space for

different wavelengths.

Multiple Choice: 43, 44, 49

Short Answer: Summarize the challenges and simplifications of observing in wavelengths

other than optical.

Multiple Choice: 37, 46, 47, 50

Short Answer: 6.4 Planetary Spacecraft Explore the Solar System

Summarize reasons why spacecraft are needed to explore the solar system.

Multiple Choice: 52, 53, 55

Evaluate the cost and benefit of different kinds of spacecraft (flyby, orbiter, lander, probe).

Multiple Choice: 51, 54

Short Answer: 6.5 Other Astronomical Tools Contribute to the Study of the Universe

Establish why other tools (particle accelerators and detectors, supercomputers) are important to

astronomy.

Multiple Choice: 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61

Short Answer: Working It Out 6.1

Compute the magnification and light-collecting areas of different optical systems.

Multiple Choice: 62, 63

Short Answer: Working It Out 6.2

Compute the diffraction limits of different optical systems.

Multiple Choice: 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70

Short Answer: MULTIPLE CHOICE

The telescope was invented by

Galileo Galilei, an Italian inventor.

Hans Lippershey, an eyeglass maker in the Netherlands.

Gote Reber, a German cabinetmaker.

Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer.

Johannes Kepler, a German mathematician.








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Which of the following was not discovered by Galileo using a telescope?

The Moon has a heavily cratered surface.

Jupiter has four moons that orbit around it.

Mars has a polar ice cap similar to Earth.

The planet Venus goes through phases similar to those of the Moon.

The Milky Way is a collection of countless numbers of individual stars.

The aperture of a telescope is which of the following?

the length of the telescope

the diameter of the telescope tube

the diameter of the primary lens/mirror

the radius of the primary lens/mirror

the diameter of the secondary mirror

Why can a compound lens combat a refracting telescope’s chromatic aberration?

Red light is absorbed by a larger amount than blue light.

Red light is refracted by a larger amount than blue light, and different types of glass have different indexes of refraction.

Blue light is refracted by a larger amount than red light, and different types of glass have different indexes of refraction.

Blue light is absorbed by a larger amount than red light.

A compound lens cannot combat chromatic aberration.

One reason to prefer a reflecting over a refracting telescope is

its lack of chromatic aberration.

its shorter length for the same aperture size.

its lack of an aperture limit.

its lighter weight for larger apertures.

all of the above

Large reflecting telescopes have mirrors that are _________ in shape.

spherical

parabolic

convex

hyperbolic

cylindrical

A beam of light passes from air to water at an incident angle of 40°, relative to a plane perpendicular to the boundary between the two. At what angle will it emerge into the water, relative to a plane perpendicular to the boundary?

less than 40°

exactly 40°

more than 40°

The beam of light does not emerge from the water.


Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. iii

There is not enough information to answer the question.


Which of the following phenomena is shown in the figure below?

reflection

refraction

magnification

diffraction

interference

Which of the following phenomena is shown in the figure below?

reflection

refraction

magnification

diffraction

interference

The angular resolution of a ground-based telescope (without adaptive optics) is typically

30 arcseconds (arcsec).

1 arcminutes (arcmin).

10 arcsec.

1 arcsec.

30 arcmin.

Cameras that use adaptive optics provide higher spatial resolution images primarily because

they operate above Earth’s atmosphere.

they capture infrared light, which has a longer wavelength than visible light.

deformable mirrors are used to correct the blurring due to Earth’s atmosphere.

composite lenses correct for chromatic aberration.

they simulate a much larger telescope.

According to the law of reflection, if a beam of light strikes a flat mirror at an angle of 30° relative to a plane perpendicular to the surface of the mirror, at what angle will it reflect, relative to a plane perpendicular to the surface of the mirror?

0°

30°

60°

90°

120°

A prism is able to spread white light out into a spectrum of colors based on the property of

reflection.

refraction.

magnification.

resolution.

aberration.







Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. iv







Which of the following phenomena is shown in the figure below?

reflection

chromatic aberration

diffraction

magnification

interference

Chromatic aberration results from

blue light being reflected more than red light.

red light being reflected more than blue light.

red light being refracted more than blue light.

blue light being refracted more than red light.

a lens being polished incorrectly.

As a beam of light travels from one medium to another, the change in direction of the beam of light depends on

the wavelength of the light.

the index of refraction of the outgoing medium.

the index of refraction of the incoming medium.

the angle of incidence.

all of the above

Why do reflecting telescopes usually have a secondary mirror in addition to a primary mirror?

to increase the light-gathering power

to make the telescope shorter

to increase the magnification

to increase the focal length

to combat chromatic aberration

The aperture of a telescope partially or totally determines its

focal length and magnification.

light-gathering power.

focal length.

light-gathering power and magnification.

light-gathering power and diffraction limit.

An object sits infinitely far away from a parabolic mirror. At what distance from the mirror will its image be created?

It will be imaged at half the focal length.

It will be imaged at the focal length.

It will be imaged at twice the focal length.

No image will be created (the beams would be reflected parallel to each other).

The image is created on the other side of the mirror.


Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. v





Which property of light is responsible for chromatic aberration?

reflection

interference

dispersion

diffraction

magnification

How does the resolution of a telescope depend on its focal length?

The longer the focal length, the better the resolution.

The longer the focal length, the worse the resolution.

There is no relation between resolution and focal length.

In practice, the smallest angular size that one can resolve with a 10-inch telescope is governed by the

blurring caused by Earth’s atmosphere.

diffraction limit of the telescope.

size of the primary mirror.

motion of the night sky.

magnification of the telescope.

The 305-meter (-m) Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico has a resolution that is closest to that of

the Hubble Space Telescope (0.1 arcsec).

a human eye (1 arcmin).

the Chandra X-ray telescope (0.5 arcsec).

a 1-m optical telescope (1 arcsec).

one of the 10-m Keck telescopes (0.0133 arcsec)

What part(s) of the human eye is responsible for detecting light?

cornea

lens

pupil

rods and cones

iris

Before charge-coupled devices (CCDs) were invented, what was the device most commonly used for imaging with optical telescopes?

Polaroid cameras

photographic glass plates

35-mm film

high-speed film

video cameras

The major advantage CCDs have over other imaging techniques is that

they have a higher quantum efficiency.

they have a linear response to light.


Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. vi

they yield output in digital format.

they operate at visible and near-infrared wavelengths.

all of the above

Why do astronomers use monochromatic CCDs instead of color CCDs like your cell phone does?

Color CCDs have a smaller angular resolution.

They don’t make color CCDs large enough.

Monochromatic CCDs last longer.

Monochromatic CCDs have smaller angular resolution.

Why can you see fainter stars with an 8-inch telescope than you can see with your naked eye?

The telescope collects light over a larger area.

The telescope magnifies the field of view.

The telescope collects light over a wider range of wavelengths than your eye.

The telescope has a wider field of view.

The telescope has a longer integration time than your eyes.

A diffraction grating is

a filter for imaging.

typically made from glass with many closely spaced lines engraved in it.

a prism.

a grism.

a spectrograph.

A spectrograph is

a device used for imaging.

typically made from glass with many closely spaced lines engraved in it.

a device used to measure the intensity of light at each wavelength.

a radio telescope.

a visible-light telescope.

Most modern spectrographs use a _________ to disperse the light from an object.

spherical mirror

lens

glass prism

diffraction grating

parabolic mirror

What property of light allows a grating to disperse the light from an object into a spectrum?

interference

reflection

refraction

aberration

magnification







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Photography provides an improvement over naked-eye observations because

it is possible to observe a larger field of view with photographic plates.

the quantum efficiency is higher for photographic plates.

the image resolution is much better for photographic plates.

it is possible to detect fainter objects with the use of photographic plates.

the integration time is much shorter with the use of photographic plates.

You are observing the Andromeda Galaxy using both photographic plates and a CCD. If you double the exposure time for both detectors, you

double the amount of light collected on both the photographic plate and the CCD.

double the amount of light collected on the only.

double the amount of light collected on the photographic plate, but the CCD collects less.

double the amount of light collected on the photographic plate, but the CCD collects more.

collect less than twice the amount of light on both the photographic plate and the CCD.


If we could increase the quantum efficiency of the human eye, it would

allow humans to see a larger range of wavelengths.

allow humans to see better at night or other low-light conditions.

increase the resolution of the human eye.

decrease the resolution of the human eye.

not make a difference in the sight of the human eye.

Typically, video is shot using 24 to 30 frames per second (one frame each 33 to 42 ms). If a filmmaker shot new experimental video at 100 frames per second (one frame each 10 ms), how would it look during playback to the human eye if played at 100 frames per second?

It would look like the video was being fast-forwarded.

It would look like the video was about the same as normal video.

It would look like the video was being played back in slow motion.

It would look like a slideshow, a series of pictures on the screen each for a perceptible amount of time.

It would look like the video was about the same speed as normal video, but blurry.

Arrays of radio telescopes can produce much better resolution than single-dish telescopes because they work based on the principle of

reflection.

refraction.

dispersion.

diffraction.

interference.






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An atmospheric window is

a giant glass dome.

a region of the electromagnet spectrum that can reach the ground.

a region of the electromagnet spectrum that cannot reach the ground.

ultraviolet.

X-rays.

The Jansky is a unit used to measure the strength of which type of source?

X-ray

ultraviolet

visible

infrared

radio

An interferometer requires a minimum of how many telescopes?

1

2

3

4

10

Which of the following is the best location for an infrared telescope on the ground?

at sea level

300 ft above sea level

1000 ft above sea level

6000 ft above sea level

10,000 ft above sea level

The first astronomical detector was

the CCD.

photoelectric tubes.

the human eye.

photographic plates.

35-mm film.

You hear a news story about an X-ray telescope being built on Earth. You know this can’t be possible because
X-rays do not travel very far through Earth’s atmosphere.

X-ray telescopes are impossible to build.

X-ray telescopes would receive too much interference from hospitals.

it would cost too much money.

Astronomers can use ground-based telescopes to observe in the majority of which of the following parts of the electromagnetic spectrum?

visible and infrared

visible and ultraviolet


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visible and radio

visible, ultraviolet, and infrared

visible, infrared, and radio

Water vapor in Earth’s atmosphere primarily absorbs which type of photons?

radio

infrared

visible

ultraviolet

X-ray

NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory and the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) are two examples of telescopes placed in high-flying aircraft. Why would astronomers put telescopes in airplanes?
to get the telescopes closer to the stars

to get the telescopes away from the light-pollution of cities

to get the telescopes above the majority of the water vapor in Earth’s atmosphere

to be able to observe one object for more than 24 hours without stopping

to allow the telescopes to observe the full spectrum of light

Which of the following is the biggest disadvantage of putting a telescope in space?

Astronomers don’t have as much control in choosing what to observe.

Astronomers have to wait until the telescopes come back to Earth to get their images.

Space telescopes can only observe in certain parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Space telescopes don’t last long before they fall back to Earth.

Space telescopes are much more expensive than similar ground-based telescopes.

Which of the following is not a reason to put a telescope in space?

to observe at wavelengths blocked by Earth’s atmosphere

to avoid light-pollution on Earth

to avoid weather on Earth

to avoid atmospheric distortion

to get closer to the stars

Ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths shorter than about 200 nm are hard to observe primarily because

Earth’s atmosphere easily absorbs it.

no space-based telescopes operate at ultraviolet wavelengths.

only the lowest mass stars emit ultraviolet light.

very few objects emit at ultraviolet wavelengths.

Earth emits too much ultraviolet background light.

The first astronomical radio source ever observed was

the Andromeda Galaxy.

the galactic center, in the constellation Sagittarius.

thunderstorms.

Earth.

Jupiter.



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Samples of which celestial object(s) have been brought back to Earth to be studied in detail?

a comet

the solar wind

an asteroid

the Moon

all of the above

Remote sensing instruments have been used to

map surfaces hidden beneath thick atmospheres.

measure the composition of atmospheres.

identify geological features.

watch weather patterns develop.

all of the above

The Voyager 1 spacecraft is currently 18 billion km from Earth and heading out of our Solar System. How long does it take radio messages from Voyager 1 to reach us?

1.7 days

17 hours

17 days

17 weeks

17 minutes

Landers, rovers, and/or atmospheric probes have visited which object(s) listed below in an effort to gain new information about our Solar System?

Jupiter

Titan, Saturn’s moon

Mars

Eros, an asteroid

all of the above

In 2008, the Cassini spacecraft made a flyby of Enceladus, one of the icy moons of Saturn. If the spacecraft’s high-resolution camera had an angular resolution of 3 arcsec and it flew at an altitude of 23 km above Enceladus’s surface, how large an object could be resolved on
the surface?

3 m

30 cm

30 km

5 cm

50 m

Particle accelerators that smash atoms or particles together at high speeds, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), are important tools used for simulating conditions in

the early universe.

the solar wind.

red giants.


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brown dwarf stars.

planetary nebula.

Which of the following cannot be directly detected using a telescope?

X-rays

visible light

infrared light

neutrinos

ultraviolet light

What type of waves have not yet been directly detected by astronomers?

sound waves

gravitational waves

X-ray waves

gamma-ray waves

pressure waves

Telescopes and satellites such as Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), and Planck are designed to detect microwave radiation emitted by

galaxies.

black holes.

planets.

the Big Bang.

stars.

High-speed computers have become one of an astronomer’s most important tools. Which of the following does not require the use of a high-speed computer?
analyzing images taken with very large CCDs

generating and testing theoretical models

moving a telescope from object to object

studying the evolution of astronomical objects or systems over time

correcting for atmospheric distortion

Neutrino detectors typically capture one out of every _________ neutrinos that pass through them.

10

106 (one million)

109 (one billion)

1012 (one trillion)

1022 (10 billion trillion)

The magnification of a telescope depends on the focal length of the telescope and

the size of the aperture.

the type of telescope (refracting vs. reflecting).

the wavelengths being observed.

the focal length of the eyepiece.

the angular resolution of the telescope.



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Which telescope would collect 100 times more light than a 1-m telescope?

100-m telescope

80-m telescope

50-m telescope

30-m telescope

10-m telescope



When we determine the angular resolution of an interferometric array of radio telescopes using the formula θ ∝ λ/D, the variable D stands for the

diameter of the telescopes.

separation between the telescopes.

magnification of the telescopes.

number of telescopes.

focal length of the telescopes.

Which of the following phenomena is shown in the figure below?

reflection

chromatic aberration

refraction

magnification

interference

The diffraction limit of a 4-m telescope is _________ than that of a 2-m telescope.

two times larger

four times larger

four times smaller

two times smaller

It depends on the type of telescope.

Grote Reber conducted the first radio survey of the sky in the 1930s and 1940s with his 9-m-diameter radio telescope. Why did his telescope need to be so large?

He needed a large light-collecting area because radio sources are notoriously dim.

He needed better angular resolution to identify sources because radio waves are so long.

He needed a higher magnification to identify sources because radio sources are quite small.

He needed a longer focal length because radio sources are so far away.

He needed a shorter focal length because radio sources are so far away.

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) project’s Allen Telescope Array will

have 350 radio dishes, each with an individual diameter of 6 m, spread out over a circle whose diameter is 1 km. What would this array’s spatial resolution be when it operates at
6,000 MHz?
10 arcsec
0.10 arcsec
1 arcsec



Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. xiii

10 arcmin
1.0 arcmin

The two Keck 10-m telescopes, separated by a distance of 85 m, can operate as an optical interferometer. What is its resolution when it observes in the infrared at a wavelength of 2 microns?

0.01 arcsec

0.005 arcsec

0.4 arcsec

0.06 arcsec

0.2 arcsec

The angular resolution of the largest single-dish radio telescope in the United States, the 100-m Green Bank Telescope, is _________ when it operates at a wavelength of 20 cm.

41 arcmin

6.8 arcmin

4.1 arcmin

6.8 arcsec

4.1 arcsec

SHORT ANSWER

Explain why the largest telescopes are not refracting telescopes.

Why do reflecting telescopes use curved mirrors instead of flat mirrors?

Explain why stars twinkle when viewed from the ground. Would they twinkle if they were viewed from outer space?

When a ray of light passes from vacuum into a material, what is the speed of light inside the material?

A ray of light is incident on a flat mirror at an angle of 15° degrees from the vertical, what is the angle of reflection, so the angle of reflection is also 15 degrees from the vertical.

Explain how adaptive optics help compensate for atmospheric seeing.

Explain why chromatic aberration is a problem for refracting lenses but not for reflecting mirrors.

Label the eyepiece, lens, focus, and focal length of the telescope shown in the figure below.

In what way are Arecibo and the human eye similar?

Label the eyepiece, primary mirror, secondary mirror, focus, and focal length of the telescope shown in the figure below.

Explain what happens when white light is refracted by a prism.

In 2009, the Cassini spacecraft made repeated orbits around Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. If this spacecraft orbited at an altitude of 1,000 km above Titan’s surface and its high-


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resolution camera had an angular resolution of 3 arcsec, how large an object could be

resolved on Titan’s surface?

Calculate the resolution of an interferometric array consisting of five 10-m radio telescopes, each located 1,000 m apart from each other and observing a distant object at a wavelength of 21 cm.

What is the angular resolution of a 1-m, ground-based, optical telescope that observes at a wavelength of 600 nm compared to that of a 300-ft, single-dish radio telescope that observes at a wavelength of 21 cm?

Explain three major advantages of CCDs over other imaging techniques.

What is quantum efficiency?

When you look at the side of a CD where the data are stored, why do you observe a rainbow?

Why is it difficult to view low-surface-brightness, such as the Andromeda Galaxy, with the naked eye? Does the view improve with the use of a telescope? What is needed to get a bright, clear view of the Andromeda Galaxy, as commonly seen in pictures?

Explain how a spectrograph works.

Explain the difference between dispersion and diffraction. How can both phenomena be used to create a spectrum?

Where is the best place to put a ground-based optical telescope? Discuss the reasons for your selection.

Name two reasons why astronomers might use a space telescope over a ground-based telescope.

Why don’t astronomers put all telescopes in space?

Why does combining the light from smaller telescopes give observation results comparable to those of a single large telescope with a diameter equal to the separation of the two smaller telescopes?

Discuss two advantages of flyby missions over orbiters in exploring planets and moons in the solar system.

What are some advantages and disadvantages of using landers to explore the solar system?

What are gravitational waves? Have astronomers been able to detect them yet?

Discuss two tools that modern astronomers use to explore the cosmos that are different from





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traditional optical telescopes and give an example of how and why each is used.

How much larger is the light-gathering power of a 10-inch telescope than the human eye?

What is the diffraction limit of a 4-m telescope observing at a wavelength of 650 nm?








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