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Chapter 11
Operating Systems
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1. Operating systems are organized internally into layers.
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2. Resource allocation in a single-tasking OS involves only
two running programs—an application and the OS.
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3. Multitasking operating systems are not the norm for
general-purpose computers.
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4. A hypervisor can make the sum of physical resources
allocated to all virtual machines appear greater than the underlying physical
resources.
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5. The act of giving control of a CPU to a ready thread is
called engaging.
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6. A blocked thread is waiting for an event to occur, such
as allocation of a requested resource or correction of an error condition.
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7. In explicit priority scheduling, the scheduler always
dispatches the ready thread that has been waiting the longest.
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8. In Windows thread scheduling, a thread’s current
priority level is called its “local priority.”
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9. Data values and instructions generally occupy multiple
bytes of storage.
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10. When considered as a byte sequence, the rightmost byte
is called the most significant byte.
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11. A programmer can explicitly include the process offset
in any memory address operands when writing or compiling a program.
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12. Memory allocation is less complex when the OS supports
multitasking.
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13. Contiguous program loading, coupled with fixed-size
memory partitions, usually results in efficient use of memory space.
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14. Noncontiguous memory allocation is more flexible than
contiguous memory allocation, but flexibility comes at a price.
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15. The only portion of a process that must be in memory at
any point during execution is the next instruction to be fetched.
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16. Because page size is fixed, memory references can
easily be converted to the corresponding page number and offset in the page.
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17. Page location in the swap space can be computed by
dividing the page number by the page size.
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18. The benefits of advanced memory addressing and
allocation schemes are offset by reduced performance when they’re implemented
in hardware.
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19. In an Intel CPU, a page table entry includes the page’s
physical memory address if it’s loaded into memory.
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20. With an Intel CPU, virtual memory management
responsibility is split between the CPU and the OS.
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21. The ____ plays a dual role as a high-level manager and
a tireless low-level worker.
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22. The ____ is the user interface to the OS.
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23. Through the ____ layer, a user or system administrator
can run application and OS utility programs and manage system resources, such
as files, folders, and I/O devices.
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24. A set of commands and syntax requirements is called a
____.
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25. The ____ of the OS contains thousands of reusable
components that provide functions ranging from file and folder manipulation
to accessing I/O devices, starting and stopping programs, and creating,
moving, and resizing GUI windows.
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26. The ____ is the OS portion that manages resources and
interacts directly with computer hardware.
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27. The resources consumed by resource allocation
procedures are sometimes referred to as ____.
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28. As allocated by the OS, the resources that are apparent
to a program or user are called ____.
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29. A ____ is an OS that enables dividing a single physical
computer or cluster into multiple virtual machines.
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30. A process or program that divides itself into multiple
threads is said to be ____.
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31. Threads in the ____ are idle, pending availability of a
CPU.
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32. In ____, a thread can be removed involuntarily from the
running state.
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33. ____ scheduling chooses the next thread to be
dispatched based on the expected amount of CPU time needed to complete the
process.
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34. A ____ can execute instructions to process a single
transaction, retrieve and store data from an I/O device, or retrieve and
analyze one set of process variables.
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35. ____ is the assignment of specific memory addresses to
system software, application programs, and data.
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36. A CPU’s or computer’s ____ is the highest numbered
storage byte that can be represented.
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37. When memory allocation is ____, it means all portions
of the program and OS are loaded into sequential locations in memory.
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38. The difference between the first address in physical
memory and the address of the first process instruction is called the ____.
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39. ____ uses memory address operands that refer to actual
physical memory locations.
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40. The process of determining the physical memory address
that corresponds to a memory reference is called ____.
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41. The OS maintains a ____ and updates it each time a
partition is allocated or freed.
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42. ____ occurs when memory partitions allocated to a
single process or purpose are scattered throughout physical memory.
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43. In ____ memory allocation, each process partition has
its own offset value.
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44. In virtual memory management, a ____ is a small
fixed-size portion of a program, normally between 1 and 4 KB.
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45. Each memory page in virtual memory management is called
a ____.
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46. A reference to a page held in memory is called a ____.
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47. ____ store information about page locations, allocated
page frames, and secondary storage space.
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48. A secondary storage region, called the ____, is
reserved for the task of storing pages not held in memory.
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49. An Intel CPU maintains a ____ containing descriptors
for all memory segments.
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50. Intel Core CPUs implement virtual memory management
tables in ____.
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51. OS ____________________ functions ensure that overall
system objectives are achieved efficiently and effectively.
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52. The ____________________ layers of an OS provide
services to application programs or directly to end users.
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53. The ____________________ layer encapsulates hardware
resources, thus controlling and managing access by users and applications.
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54. The command layer of an OS is sometimes called the ____________________.
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55. A request to execute a service-layer function is called
a(n) ____________________.
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56. OS support for running multiple programs simultaneously
is called ____________________.
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57. A computer’s physical devices and associated system
software are called ____________________.
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58. A(n) ____________________ is a unit of executing
software that’s managed independently by the OS and can request and receive
hardware resources and OS services.
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59. A group of processes descended from a common ancestor,
including the common ancestor itself, is called a(n) ____________________.
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60. A(n) ____________________ is a portion of a process
that can be scheduled and executed independently.
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61. A(n) ____________________ is generated at regular
intervals of between several dozen and several thousand CPU cycles to give
the scheduler an opportunity to suspend the currently executing thread.
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62. ____________________ scheduling guarantees a minimum
amount of CPU time to a thread if the thread makes an explicit real-time
scheduling request when it’s created.
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63. A computer system’s ____________________ memory is the
actual number of memory bytes that are physically installed in the machine.
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64. The register holding the offset value in memory
allocation is called a(n) ____________________ register.
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65. After ____________________, all free partitions form a contiguous
block in upper memory.
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66. ____________________ memory allocation uses small
fixed-size partitions, usually no larger than 64 KB.
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67. Virtual memory management divides a program into
partitions called ____________________.
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68. A reference to a page held in secondary storage is
called a(n) ____________________.
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69. If all page frames are allocated, a page currently in
memory, called the ____________________, must be written to the swap space
before the reference page is loaded into a page frame.
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70. ____________________ refers to protecting memory
allocated to one program from unauthorized access by another program.
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71. Describe the role of the operating system.
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72. List the three states of an active thread.
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73. What is the difference between big endian and little
endian?
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74. What are two goals of multitasking memory allocation?
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75. Name three pieces held within a segment descriptor in
an Intel CPU.
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