TEST BANK 21ST CENTURY ASTRONOMY THE SOLAR SYSTEM 5TH EDITION BY KAY
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Chapter 3: Motion of
Astronomical Bodies
Learning Objectives
Define the bold-faced vocabulary terms within the chapter.
Multiple Choice: 2, 3, 18, 22, 37, 43, 44, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52
3.1 The Motions of Planets in the Sky
Distinguish the geocentric and heliocentric models of the
Solar System.
Multiple Choice: 1, 4, 8, 13, 20
Short Answer: Illustrate the cause of retrograde motion in
the heliocentric model.
Multiple Choice: 6, 7, 10, 11, 15
Short Answer: Summarize how Copernicus determined the correct
order of the planets around the Sun.
Multiple Choice: 5, 9, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19
Short Answer: 3.2 Kepler’s Laws Describe
Planetary Motion
State Kepler’s three laws.
Multiple Choice: 21, 24, 30, 31, 32, 34
Short AnswerIllustrate the important features of an ellipse
that relate to Kepler’s first law.
Multiple Choice: 23, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39
Short Answer: Explain Kepler’s second law in terms of orbital
speeds and distances.
Multiple Choice: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
Short Answer: 3.3 Galileo’s Observations
Supported the Heliocentric Model
Explain how Galileo applied the scientific method to
geocentric and heliocentric models.
Multiple Choice: 40, 41
Short Answer: 3.4 Newton’s Three Laws Help
to Explain the Motion of Celestial Bodies
Describe the difference between empirical and physical laws.
Multiple Choice: 45
Relate inertia and mass.
Multiple Choice: 48
Short Answer: Illustrate Newton’s first law by considering
how objects move in different physical situations.
Short Answer: Describe the difference between speed and
acceleration.
Short Answer: Apply Newton’s second law to establish whether
or not objects will accelerate in different physical situations.
Multiple Choice: 34, 42, 49
Illustrate Newton’s third law by considering action-reaction
pairs in different physical situations.
Multiple Choice: 53
Short Answer: Working It Out 3.1
Use synodic and Earth’s sidereal periods to calculate the
orbital periods of planets.
Multiple Choice: 54, 55, 56, 58
Short Answer: Working It Out 3.2
Use Kepler’s third law to compute the period or semimajor
axis of a planet.
Multiple Choice: 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65
Short Answer: Working It Out 3.3
Use Newton’s second law to calculate acceleration.
Short Answer: MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
At the center of the geocentric model of the Solar System is
the
a.
Sun.
b.
Moon.
c.
Earth.
d.
Venus.
e.
Jupiter.
2.
An inferior planet is one that is
a.
smaller than Earth.
b.
larger than Earth.
c.
closer to the Sun than Earth.
d.
farther from the Sun than Earth.
e.
made of lighter materials than Earth.
3.
A superior planet is one that is
a.
smaller than Earth.
b.
larger than Earth.
c.
closer to the Sun than Earth.
d.
farther from the Sun than Earth.
e.
made of heavier materials than Earth.
4.
Who of the following was not a proponent of the
heliocentric model of the solar system?
a.
Galileo
b.
Copernicus
c.
Newton
d.
Ptolemy
e.
Aristarchus
5.
The amount of time a planet takes to orbit the Sun is called
its _________ period.
a.
synodic
b.
sidereal
c.
prograde
d.
retrograde
e.
geocentric
6.
When Earth catches up to a slower moving outer planet and
passes it like a faster runner overtaking a slower runner in an outside lane,
the planet
a.
exhibits retrograde motion.
b.
slows down because it feels Earth’s gravitational pull.
c.
decreases in brightness as it passes through Earth’s shadow.
d.
moves into a more elliptical orbit
e.
exhibits prograde motion.
7.
Observations of what astronomical events allowed astronomers
to definitively determine that the heliocentric model of the solar system was
correct?
a.
total eclipses of the Sun
b.
the precise motions of planets across the celestial sphere
c.
motion of bright stars on the celestial sphere
d.
the timing of the equinoxes
e.
the timing of the solstices
8.
Astronomers argued that the heliocentric model of the Solar
System was simpler than the geocentric model, based on
a.
the observation that the planets do not move relative to the
background stars.
b.
the fact that the Moon orbits Earth.
c.
the fact that the Sun is more massive than Earth.
d.
the observed retrograde motions of the planets.
e.
the observed timing of lunar and solar eclipses.
9.
The time it takes for a planet to come back to the same position
relative to the Sun is called its _________ period.
a.
synodic
b.
sidereal
c.
heliocentric
d.
geocentric
e.
prograde
10.
Retrograde motion is seen when ____________ due to Earth’s
motion.
a.
stars change their position in the sky with respect to
background stars
b.
stars rise in the west and set in the east
c.
planets rise in the west and set in the east
d.
planets change the direction in which they move across the
night sky
e.
planets orbit the Sun in the opposite direction
11.
How did Ptolemy “fix” the geocentric system?
a.
He introduced retrograde motion.
b.
He introduced prograde motion.
c.
He moved the Sun to the center.
d.
He introduced epicycles.
e.
He introduced Earth’s motion.
12.
Based on his observations of the planets, Copernicus
calculated the relative distance of the planets from the Sun using the
heliocentric model, and these distances were
a.
10 times too large.
b.
exactly correct.
c.
close to the correct values, with errors less than 0.5
astronomical unit (AU).
d.
accurate, but not as accurate as Ptolemy’s values.
e.
two times too small.
13.
Which of the following are the inferior planets?
a.
Only Mercury
b.
Mercury and Mars
c.
Mercury and Venus
d.
Mars
e.
Mercury, Mars, and Pluto
14.
Which of the following are superior planets?
a.
Mars
b.
Earth and Venus
c.
Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
d.
Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn
e.
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
15.
When the geocentric model of the solar system did not match
the observed positions of the planets,
a.
Tycho Brahe made measurements of higher accuracy and showed
the geocentric model was correct.
b.
Ptolemy added epicycles to the geocentric model to match the observed
data.
c.
Galileo argued that the Sun revolved around Earth.
d.
Kepler was inspired to create the theory of gravity.
e.
Copernicus proposed the heliocentric mode.
16.
Based on the figure below, a superior planet would be seen
high overhead at midnight
a.
when at opposition.
b.
when at eastern quadrature.
c.
when at conjunction.
d.
when at western quadrature.
e.
throughout its orbit.
17.
Based on the figure below, a superior planet at opposition
a.
would rise at noon and set at midnight.
b.
would rise at midnight and set at noon.
c.
would rise at sunset and set at sunrise.
d.
would rise at sunrise and set at sunrise.
e.
would rise at 8 and set at 8.
18.
Based on the figure below, an inferior planet would have its
greatest angular separation from the Sun and therefore most easily visible at
a.
inferior conjunction.
b.
superior conjunction.
c.
only greatest eastern elongation.
d.
only greatest western elongation.
e.
at either greatest eastern or western elongation.
19.
When the Sun, Earth, and a planet all lie along a straight
line, the planet is at
a.
quadrature.
b.
opposition.
c.
only greatest elongation.
d.
only conjunction.
e.
either opposition or conjunction.
20.
In the ________ model of the Solar System, ________ motion is
only an apparent, not a real, motion.
a.
geocentric; retrograde
b.
heliocentric; retrograde
c.
geocentric; prograde
d.
heliocentric; prograde
e.
Galilean; prograde
21.
_________ was the first person to introduce a mathematical
heliocentric model of the Solar System from which accurate predictions could be
made of planets’ positions.
a.
Nicolaus Copernicus
b.
Tycho Brahe
c.
Johannes Kepler
d.
Galileo Galilei
e.
Isaac Newton
22.
Which laws are based entirely on observational data without
having any theoretical framework behind them?
a.
physical laws
b.
Galileo’s laws of planetary motion
c.
Newton’s laws of motion
d.
deductive laws
e.
empirical laws
23.
The time it takes a planet to complete one full orbital
revolution is commonly known as its
a.
period.
b.
frequency.
c.
orbital domain.
d.
velocity.
e.
eccentricity.
24.
If the Sun is located at one focus of Earth’s elliptical
orbit, what is at the other focus?
a.
Earth
b.
the Moon
c.
another planet
d.
nothing
e.
Jupiter
25.
In the figure below, a planet orbits the Sun. The line
connecting the planet and Sun sweeps out three areas labeled A, B, and C,
during three different time intervals. If the duration of the time intervals
are the same (meaning t2 −
t1 =
t4 −
t3 =
t6 −
t5), how are the sizes of these areas related?
a.
A >
B > C
b.
C >
B > A
c.
A >
C > B
d.
B >
A > C
e.
A, B, and C have the same size.
26.
In the figure below, a planet orbits the Sun. During which of
the three sections (A, B, or C) will the planet have the lowest average
velocity?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
The average velocity is the same for sections A, B, and C.
e.
The information given is insufficient to answer this
question.
27.
Kepler’s second law says that if a planet is in an elliptical
orbit around a star, then the planet moves fastest when the planet is
a.
farthest from the star.
b.
closest to the star.
c.
exceeding the escape velocity.
d.
experiencing zero acceleration.
e.
located at one of the foci.
28.
Which of the following is true about a comet that is
on an elliptical orbit around the Sun?
a.
The comet’s speed is greatest when it is farthest from the
Sun.
b.
The comet’s speed is greatest when it is nearest the Sun.
c.
This comet’s speed is zero.
d.
The comet’s speed is constant because its mass and the Sun’s
mass stay approximately the same.
e.
The eccentricity is very low.
29.
During a certain comet’s orbit around the Sun, its closest
distance to the Sun is 0.6 AU, and its farthest distance from the Sun is 35 AU.
At what distance will the comet’s orbital velocity be the largest?
a.
35 AU
b.
17.8 AU
c.
1.2 AU
d.
0.6 AU
e.
The comet’s velocity is constant no matter what its distance
is.
30.
Kepler’s third law for our Solar System can be expressed
mathematically as
a.
P ∝
A.
b.
P2
∝ A2.
c.
P2
∝ A3.
d.
P3
∝ A2.
e.
P ∝
A2.
31.
Kepler’s third law is a relationship between an orbiting
object’s
a.
gravitational force and mass.
b.
acceleration and mass.
c.
velocity and period.
d.
period and semimajor axis.
e.
semimajor axis and velocity.
32.
Which equation represents the relationship of the planet’s
period to its semimajor axis in data shown in the figure below?
a.
P ∝
A
b.
P2
∝ A2
c.
P3
∝ A2
d.
P2
∝ A3
e.
P ∝
A3
33.
The distance between the foci when the eccentricity equals
zero is
a.
equal to the semimajor axis.
b.
equal to the semiminor axis.
c.
half the semimajor axis.
d.
zero.
34.
According to Kepler’s laws, a comet with a highly eccentric
orbit will
a.
spend most of its time near the Sun.
b.
spend most of its time far from the Sun.
c.
always be the same distance from the Sun.
d.
spend the same amount of time everywhere.
35.
The average distance between a planet and the Sun is given by
the _________ of its elliptical orbit.
a.
radius
b.
semiminor axis
c.
eccentricity
d.
semimajor axis
e.
distance between the foci
36.
The eccentricity of the majority of the planetary orbits in
our Solar System is approximately
a.
0.
b.
1.
c.
0.5.
d.
0.2.
e.
infinity.
37.
An empirical science is one that is based on
a.
assumptions.
b.
calculus.
c.
computer models.
d.
observed data.
e.
hypotheses.
38.
The fact that Kepler’s heliocentric model of the Solar System
predicted _________ more easily and accurately than the geocentric model is an
illustration of how scientific theories evolve by the scientific method.
a.
solar eclipses
b.
lunar eclipses
c.
retrograde motion of planets
d.
prograde motion of planets
e.
the duration of the seasons
39.
A circular orbit has an eccentricity of _________ and a very
elliptical orbit has an eccentricity of _________.
a.
1; 0
b.
1; 1
c.
0; infinity
d.
0; 1
e.
infinity; 0
40.
Galileo’s telescopic observations of the _________ led him to
conclude that the heliocentric model of the Solar System was correct.
a.
motion of Jupiter and Saturn
b.
motion of Venus
c.
moons of Jupiter and phases of Venus
d.
phases of the Moon
e.
epicycles of Mars
41.
Galileo observed what the geocentric astronomers viewed as
imperfections. These observations helped Galileo to show that the heliocentric
model was the more accurate model. Which was not an observation of Galileo?
a.
The Moon had craters.
b.
sunspots
c.
the moons of Jupiter
d.
Venus’ phases
e.
the moons of Saturn
42.
A 100-kg astronaut throws a 1-kg wrench with a force of 1 N.
What is the acceleration of the wrench after the wrench leaves the astronaut’s
hand?
a.
More information is needed.
b.
1 m/s2
c.
Zero
d.
0.01 m/s2
43.
Newton’s first law states that objects in motion
a.
eventually come to rest.
b.
experience an unbalanced force.
c.
experience a nonzero acceleration.
d.
stay in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
e.
must be subject to zero friction.
44.
If you travel at a velocity of 30 miles per hour (mph) during
a 15-mile trip from home to school, how long does the trip take?
a.
2 hours
b.
0.2 hours
c.
0.5 hour
d.
5 hours
e.
750 hours
45.
Which laws have a theoretical framework behind them?
a.
physical laws
b.
deductive laws
c.
empirical laws
46.
An inertial frame of reference is
a.
an object’s mass.
b.
any moving frame of reference.
c.
any frame of reference moving in a straight line at a
constant velocity.
d.
both B and C
47.
As a car drives around a corner at constant speed, the car is
a.
not accelerating.
b.
accelerating because speed is decreasing.
c.
accelerating because speed is increasing.
d.
accelerating because the direction is changing.
48.
Which object, masses listed, will have the largest inertia?
a.
1 kg
b.
2 kg
c.
10 kg
d.
20 kg
e.
50 kg
49.
Which object, masses listed, will experience the greatest acceleration
if the same force is applied to all of them?
a.
1 kg
b.
2 kg
c.
10 kg
d.
20 kg
e.
50 kg
50.
If you traveled at a velocity of 60 mph for a 5-hour trip,
how far did you travel?
a.
300 miles
b.
120 miles
c.
12 miles
d.
0.4 miles
e.
240 mph
51.
If you travel 20 miles from home to school in 30 minutes,
what is your average velocity?
a.
20 mph
b.
40 mph
c.
0.7 mph
d.
5 mph
e.
600 mph
52.
The natural tendency of an object to resist changes in motion
is called
a.
inertia.
b.
weight.
c.
acceleration.
d.
mass.
e.
velocity.
53.
Which of the following is a valid action-reaction force pair?
a.
weight force pushing down on a chair, and the chair’s normal
force pushing back up
b.
weight force on a falling object, and the drag force pulling
up
c.
Earth pulling on the Moon, and the Moon pulling on Earth
d.
you pushing on a box, and the box moving
54.
If a superior planet is observed from Earth to have a synodic
period of 1.2 years, what is its sidereal period?
a.
0.54 years
b.
1.8 years
c.
2.3 years
d.
4.0 years
e.
6.0 years
55.
If the synodic period of Venus is observed from Earth to be
1.6 years, Venus’ sidereal period is _____ years.
a.
1.9
b.
0.45
c.
0.28
d.
1.6
e.
0.62
56.
If the synodic period of Mars is observed from Earth to be
2.1 years, what is Mars’s sidereal period?
a.
5.3 years
b.
0.47 years
c.
1.9 years
d.
3.4 years
e.
0.69 year
57.
If you start from rest and accelerate at 15 mph/s for 5 seconds,
how fast will you be traveling at the end?
a.
75 mph
b.
45 mph
c.
3 mph
d.
12 mph
e.
20 mph
58.
If the sidereal period of Jupiter is 11.9 years, what is
Jupiter’s synodic period as observed from Earth?
a.
2.3 years
b.
0.84 years
c.
0.92 years
d.
1.09 years
e.
1.5 years
59.
Suppose an asteroid had an orbit with a semimajor axis of 4
AU. How long would it take for it to orbit once around the Sun?
a.
76 years
b.
45 years
c.
8 years
d.
16 years
e.
2 years
60.
If Jupiter has an orbital period of 12 years, what value is
closest to its average distance from the Sun?
a.
2 AU
b.
25 AU
c.
10 AU
d.
5 AU
e.
144 AU
61.
The dwarf planet named Eris orbits the Sun with a semimajor
axis of 68 AU. Using Kepler’s third law, Eris’s orbital period is
a.
26 years.
b.
130 years.
c.
72 years.
d.
240 years.
e.
560 years.
62.
Kepler’s third law says that a comet with a period of 160
years will have a semimajor axis of
a.
30 AU.
b.
50 AU.
c.
90 AU.
d.
140 AU.
e.
210 AU.
63.
A comet orbits the Sun with a semimajor axis of 90 AU. Using
Kepler’s third law, the comet’s orbital period is approximately
a.
850 years.
b.
630 years.
c.
410 years.
d.
180 years.
e.
90 years.
.
64.
If Neptune has a semimajor axis of 19 AU, its orbital period
is
a.
45 years.
b.
83 years.
c.
130 years.
d.
220 years.
e.
380 years.
65.
If Mercury has an orbital period of about 88 days, what is
its average distance from the Sun?
a.
0.2 AU
b.
0.01 AU
c.
0.05 AU
d.
0.4 AU
e.
0.7 AU
66.
What is your acceleration if you go from 0 to 60 mph in 4
seconds?
a.
60 mph/s
b.
30 mph/s
c.
15 mph/s
d.
8.5 mph/s
e.
240 mph/s
67.
If you apply a force of 10 N to a grocery cart and get an
acceleration of 0.5 m/s2, then the mass of the grocery cart is
a.
5 kg.
b.
0.05 kg.
c.
20 kg.
d.
50 kg.
e.
0.20 kg.
68.
If a 100-kg astronaut pushes on a 5,000-kg satellite and the
satellite experiences an acceleration of 0.1 m/s2, what is the
acceleration experienced by the astronaut in the opposite direction?
a.
5 m/s2
b.
10 m/s2
c.
50 m/s2
d.
0.1 m/s2
e.
1000 m/s2
69.
If you start from rest and accelerate at 10 mph/s and end up
traveling at 60 mph, how long did it take?
a.
1 second
b.
6 seconds
c.
600 seconds
d.
0.6 seconds
e.
200 seconds
70.
You apply a force of 10 N to a grocery cart in order to get
an acceleration of 0.5 m/s2. If you apply a force of 20 N to the
same grocery cart, its acceleration will be
a.
10 m/s2.
b.
1 m/s2.
c.
0.5 m/s2.
d.
0.25m/s2.
e.
20 m/s2.
f.
SHORT ANSWER
1.
When an inferior planet
has reached its largest angular separation from the Sun on the sky, what is
this called?
2.
What does the term
conjunction mean in planetary orbits?
3.
If Venus is at inferior
conjunction, what phase would we observe from Earth?
4.
Explain what is meant
by retrograde motion only being an “observational artifact” in the heliocentric
system.
5.
Why were epicycles used
in the geocentric system? Who first introduced epicycles?
6.
Who was the first
notable historical figure to argue that Earth orbits the Sun? Name two other
people who were instrumental in arguing for the heliocentric model.
7.
Based on the figure
below, explain why an inferior planet is most likely to be seen when it is at
one of its greatest elongations.
8.
Based on the figure
below, explain why, when a superior planet is in opposition, it will be visible
from Earth all night long.
9.
Based on the figure
below, explain why a superior planet, when it is at conjunction, will not be
seen at all from Earth during the night.
10.
Based on the figure
below, explain why an inferior planet would not be able to be seen at all from
Earth when it is in conjunction.
11.
In the heliocentric
model of the Solar System, does retrograde motion occur for superior or
inferior planets? (It might help you to draw some illustrations to answer this
question.)
12.
How was retrograde
motion explained in the geocentric system?
13.
Explain how the Occam’s
razor argument influenced whether people believed in the heliocentric or the
geocentric model of the Solar System.
14.
In a period of three
months, a planet travels 30,000 km with an average speed of 10.5 km/s. Sometime
later, the same planet travels 65,000 km in three months. How fast is the
planet traveling at this later time? During which period is the planet closer
to the Sun?
15.
What do we customarily
call the semimajor axis of a circular orbit? What is the value of the
eccentricity of a circle? What might the value of the eccentricity be for a
comet on a very elliptical orbit around the Sun?
16.
Explain where and why a
planet in an elliptical orbit has the highest and lowest orbital speeds.
17.
Which of Kepler’s laws
is sometimes referred to as the law of equal areas? Which of Kepler’s laws is
sometimes referred to the harmonic law?
18.
Draw a diagram showing
the relative positions Earth, Venus, and the Sun that produce a “new” phase of
Venus.
19.
Given that the solar
system is heliocentric, do you expect any planet besides Venus to have a “new”
phase? If so, why?
20.
Galileo observed that
Venus has phases, and that the angular size of Venus changes with phase. Why
does this support a heliocentric solar system?
21.
According to Aristotle,
what is the natural state of all objects? In practical terms, what does this
mean for moving objects? How did Galileo disagree with Aristotle’s theory?
22.
Name the two ways in
which an object’s motion (meaning its velocity) can experience a nonzero
acceleration.
23.
In terms of frames of
reference, explain why an object moving in a straight line at constant speed
remains in motion.
24.
You are following a
construction vehicle on the road in your car. A large object falls off the
construction vehicle. What happens to this object while it is still in the air,
neglecting air resistance.
25.
If a 100-kg asteroid
collides with Earth, causing the asteroid to slows down in one second from
1,000 m/s to 0 m/s, what acceleration will Earth experience according to
Newton’s third law? (For reference, Earth has a mass of approximately 6 × 1024
kg.)
26.
Explain why your
downward weight force (gravity pulling on you) and the chair’s upward normal
force are not an action-reaction force pair.
27.
Explain how the synodic
and sidereal periods of a planet are defined. Why are they not the same? Explain
how they are related to one another.
28.
Assume that at sunset
today, Jupiter appears to be 20 degrees away from the Sun. If the sidereal
period of Jupiter is 12 years, when will it next appear exactly in this same
position relative to the Sun?
29.
Saturn has a semimajor
axis of 9.6 AU. How long does it take Saturn to orbit once around the Sun?
.
30.
What acceleration would
result from a 5-N force acting on a 3-kg object? (Recall that 1 N = 1 kg m/s2.)
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We can help with essays, term
papers, research papers, dissertation, Ilabs, mymatlab, Wileplus, quizzes,
exams, discussion questions etc.
You can expect:
We understand each student has
different requirement and we tend to treat each student according to his/her
satisfaction.
We will provide original
assignments, plagiarism free and to custom requirement.
We will always meet deadlines.
Our support will be 24/27, even
in holidays.
Our pricing will be fair.
We will do free revisions if
you want to make changes in provided work.
Email us for more information,
query and quote.
WHISPERHILLS@GMAIL.COM
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